Honors World History Exam

Lap 6 Know how the job of the popes was transforming in the Middle Ages

Popes have more secular power (governmental power), not just spiritual power.

Know four problems of Medieval Church leaders

• loss of spirituality

• simony

• nepotism

• immorality

Know what group began making reforms and preserved learning at first

monostaries

Know examples of other Church reforms

Rule of St.Benedict: prayer + work

Music: chant to involve people in prayer

Monasteries: preserved learning

Scholasticism: faith through reason/logic

Know why Urban II called the Crusades (goals)

He wanted to reconquer Jerusalem and help Byzantium

Know why many Europeans joined the Crusades and the problems they had

50,000 Crusades went for

• God and salvation

• adventure and glory

• land and wealth

Problem: unorganized (no plan, leader, or supply lines)

Know what the truce of the Third Crusade tells us about the outcome

1192- truce between Richard I and Saladin

• Christian pilgrims could visit holy places

Know what was most unusual about the Fourth Crusade and when

1204- sacking of Constantinople by Christians

• killed Jews + Muslims

Know other successes and failures of the Crusades

Success:

• recaptured Jerusalem

• established 4 crusader states

• 3rd Crusade (Saladin War)

Failures:

• loss of Jerusalem and Crusader states

• killed Jews + Muslims

Know how European gov’ts began to change in this period

• large warring kingdoms

• returning to strong central government

• monarchs decreased power of nobles

List several medieval inventions/ practices which improved agriculture in Europe

• horseshoe and collar

• iron plow

• windmill

• three field system

Know how the agricultural changes impacted European society

more food- more people

Know several practices that helped revive trade in Europe

• merchant/craft guilds

• banking

• Jews become money lenders

• trade routes

Know characteristics of early European urbanization (where/ how)

European cities grow

Feudalism decline: Serfs are moving to cities small trade towns growing into cities

Know which social groups grew or shrank in this period

Grew: (middle class)

Shrank: nobles and kings

Know who led the last successful invasion of England and why

-William the Conqueror (1066).

-William the Conqueror, because King Edward promised him the throne.

-Victory at the Battle of Hastings

Know four actions/steps by William to control England

Domesday Book,

feudalism,

castles,

prepared an army.

Know how Eleanor of Aquitaine increased royal power

Brought huge territory+ alliances to the king.

Know why King John had to sign Magna Carta

Limited the king power/granted rights. Nobles kept losing armies and lands.

Know how big the Mongol empire was and why it was short lived

Largest land empire. Internal fighting + conquered by other groups

Know three technologies and other tactics that enabled the Mongols success

Gunpowder,

composite bow,

cavalry/archers

terror tactics.

Siege warfare

Know why the pope moved to Avignon in 1308

Rome unsafe for papacy

Problems between the popes and the king of France about taxes and lay investiture

Know what the Council of Constance had to do after the failed Council of Pisa

Ended 3-pope schism; chose one pope.

Know how the Black Death got to Europe from Asia

Trade routes through rats/fleas

Know two ways the plague could be spread and why it stopped so quickly

Fleas on rats or airborne.

It stopped as rats died out, reducing flea populations.

Know which country started the 100 Years War and why

England,

King Edward III wanted to reclaim lands and the throne of France.

Know which two military technologies changed warfare during the 100 Years War

Longbow + artillery

Who led French troops near the end of the 100 Years War + what happened to her

Joan of Arc

who faced trial and was burned at the stake.

Know which animal most helped spur Trans-Saharan Trade+what goods were best

Camel

major goods = gold, salt, iron, ivory.

lay investiture

the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles

secular

Worldy Not connected to religion (political).

Rule of St. Benedict

prayer + work

scholastics

Scholars/teachers who used logic and reason to study faith.

Crusader States

Christian control over territories to protect Jerusalem

guilds

Groups of workers in the same job who set rules and protect members.

usury

interest on loans, they banned it in the Middle Ages

burghers

town dwllers/middle class

universities

Schools where people studied advanced subjects.

vernacular

the everyday language for ordinary people.

Timbuktu

Mali learning/trade center.

Swahili

A Bantu language.

1. Relate the Church problems of simony and nepotism 

Simony: buying jobs

Nepotism: family connections

Contrast characteristics of Romanesque and Gothic churches

Romanesque: (Old Style)

dark/little light

round windows

Gothic: (expensive)

pointed arches

stained glass + rose windows

high walls + flying buttresses

Cause and Effect: list positive and negative results of the Crusades

Positive:

increased trade

new ideas

technologies

stronger kings

Negative:

many died

increased tension between religious groups

loss of the crusader states.

1. Contrast the activities of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

Polo = business trip, merchant to China, end working with mongols.

Ibn Battuta = Visit mecca piligrimage Muslim traveler across Islamic world.

Cause and effect:  list ways the Norman invasion impacted England

New rulers, feudal changes, castles, language mix.

Contrast actions of Henry I and Henry II to increase royal power in England

Henry I = finances exchequer; Henry II = common law.

Contrast the impact of Magna Carta and the Model Parliament on royal power

1215 Magna Carta: Limited the king’s power/granted rights.

1290 Model Parliament: add commoners

Cause and Effect:  explain the econ + cult impacts of the “Pax Mongolia”

Safer trade → ideas + goods spread (and disease).

Cause and Effect:  explain the impact of Mongol rule on China (govt, esp.)

Yuan dynasty; limited Chinese in gov’t.

Suspended Confucian civil service exam

Effect:  how was the Church impacted by the Avignon Papacy and the Plague

There were three popes, and the bishops forced them to resign, weakening the Church's power and prestige.

Effect:  how was the European economy +society both impacted by the Plague

The Church lost prestige when it seemed penance and prayer didn't work.

⅓ of Europe died, leading to a decline in population, trade, and the manorial system.

Cause and Effect:  how did Mansa Musa’s hajj impact Mali and Egypt

Mali: Brought ideas

Egypt:Caused Inflation in Egypt by dumping gold in their economy

Skip Lap 6

Lap 1 Where did the first civilizations develop?  Why there?

Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India.

River valleys — fertile land + water.

Describe the Fertile Crescent:

region between Tigris and Euphrates (Mesopotamia) — fertile soils

What was the purpose and importance of Hammurabi’s Law Code?

First written laws; kept order.To unify his empire

List four religious contributions of the Hebrews to us today

Monotheism, Temples, Torah, and the 10 Commandments.

Known as sea-faring traders, what was the greatest contribution of the Phoenicians?

Alphabet.

What was the function of pyramids and the importance of the Rosetta Stone?

Pyramid for Tombs; Rosetta stone decoded hieroglyphs.

Why is Rameses II called Great?

long reign, extensive building projects and the Treaty of Kadesh with the Hittites.

What drastically changed the ancient world around 1200 BC? 

Invasion and foreign rule by the Sea Peoples.

List Ancient Indus STEM advances:

Planned cities, Algebra, Inoculation, and Sanskrit.

What is the end goal for both Hindu and Buddhist followers?

Hindu — Reincarnation

Buddhist — nirvana

Contrast Athenian and Spartan government and education

Athens — democracy, philosophy;

Sparta —military state, discipline, and warrior training.

Know typical characteristics of slaves in the ancient world

They were often prisoners of war or people in debt.

Who was the Father of History?  Why?

Herodotus — collected stories and inquiries about past events.

Art terms:  ideal vs realistic, Parthenon

ideal = perfected, idealized human form

realistic: shows people as they are

Parthenon = temple on the Athenian ,symbol of classical Greek architecture.

What is Hellenism:

A cultural blend of Greek and Eastern influences.

Know the ideal leader described by Confucius in The Analects

a moral, virtuous ruler who governs by example. Good behavior and education

Contrast Athenian democracy and the Roman republic

Athens = direct participation by citizens;

Rome = representative

Know how Roman women legally/politically and socially differed from Greeks

Roman women were social equals and could run businesses

Greek women stayed at home and could not vote.

Know several Roman engineering advancements and three main art styles

engineering — aqueducts, roads, concrete, bridges and arches

art styles — realistic, idealized, mosaic.

What were Roman contributions to law?

written laws, legal principles (innocent until proven guilty, equal treatment),

What was the political irony (2) of Caesar’s being named dictator?

Being named dictator increased his power but also led to his assassination and the end of the Roman Republic.

Why was Jesus a problem for the Hebrews and the Romans?

Hebrews saw him as a false messiah

Romans feared he would create a kingdom that threatened their power.

Know several STEM and economic contributions of the Gupta

Astronomy: Identified planets;

Medicine: 2 medical textbooks;

Math: Zero, numerals, decimals, and fractions.

Relate Confucius and civil service exams

People studied Confucian laws and took exams to become officials.

What are three reasons Justinian was Byzantium’s greatest ruler?

codified Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis), reconquered parts of former Western Empire, built Hagia Sophia

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

(1) Shahada (faith),

(2) Prayer,

(3) Alms (zakat),

(4) Fasting during Ramadan,

(5) Hajj (pilgrimage).

Name several Muslim STEM contributions:

Algebra, Steel, Hospital, Astrolabe, and Medical texts.

What was the greatest contribution of Islam and Byzantium to today?

Islam: science, math, and medicine?
Byzantium: Justinian's Law, Architecture, and Art

Why were the Dark Ages “dark”?

Political: Lack of government, small warring kingdom

Economic: Decline of trade, poor roads, no coined money

Cultural: Decline of cities

Define feudalism and explain related problems:

Feudalism: The exchange of service and loyalty for land.

Problem: Loyalty conflicts between lords and issues of warfare.

How did Charlemagne help Christianize the Franks (4)?

Established missionaries,

parishes

tithes

supported church education

What Chinese products were most popular along the Silk Road? 

• Rice

• silk

• porcelain

• tea