Charpentier Biology T5-S2-4Q

Half of the information on this was only covered in honors. Some images you need to enlarge to see what section the question is referring to.

RBC Lifespan and Function

120 Days; Transport

Neutrophil Lifespan and Function

7hrs; Immune Defense

Eosinophil Lifespan and Function

?; Defense Against Parasites

Basophil Lifespan and Function

?; Inflammation Response

Monocytes Lifespan and Function

3 days; Immune Surveillance

B-Cell Lifespan and Function

?; Make antibodies

T-Cell Lifespan and Function

?; Cellular Immune Response

Platelet Lifespan and Function

7-8 days; Blood Clotting

3 Functions of Blood

metabolites, salts + ions, and proteins

Functions of the circulatory system 1

Transportation

a) Respiration - O2 attaches to the hemoglobin in red blood cells to get transported to the tissues and CO2 then gets carried and eliminated

b) Nutritional - the digestive system breaks down food so nutrients can be absorbed into circulation

c) Excretory - metabolic waste/ H2O and Ions

Functions of the circulatory system 2

Regulation - blood vessels just under epidermis maintain body temp by circulating warm blood

Functions of the circulatory system 3

Protection

a) Immune System - White blood cells in blood attack foreign cells/ diseases

b) Clotting - blots clots to protect against blood loss

Hemoglobin

the molecule needed to move oxygen; contains Fe2+ (x4); When the concentration of O2 is high oxygen binds to the heme group but when CO2 is high it changes the shape of the hemoglobin in order to bind to it

Circulatory System

O2 and nutrients are transported from the environment and digestive cavity to the body cells by an internal fluid

Open Circulatory System

no distinction between the circulatory fluid (hemolymph) and the extracellular fluid of the body; arthropods; hemolymph returns to circulatory system via pores in the heart

Closed Circulatory System

the circulatory fluid (blood) is always enclosed by blood vessels that transport blood to and from the heart

Counter Current Heat Exchange

warm blood going out of the heart warms the cold blood going in

Major Ions transported in blood

Na+, Cl-, HCO2-

Minor Ions transported in blood

k+, Zn+, Ca2+, Mg2+

Carries Blood to the heart

Vein

Carries blood from the heart

Artery

What is this identifying?

Nasal Cavity

What is this identifying?

Nostril

What is this identifying?

Oral Cavity

What is this identifying?

Larynx

What is this identifying?

Right Main Bronchus

What is this identifying?

Right Lung

What is this identifying?

Diaphragm

What is this identifying?

Left Lung

What is this identifying?

Left Main Bronchus

What is this identifying?

Trachea

What is this identifying?

Pharynx

What is the function of the diaphragm when breathing?

When Inhaling, the chest expands and the diaphragm contracts and when exhaling the chest contracts and the diaphragm relaxes

Whats the difference between the anatomy of a vein and the anatomy of an artery?

There is higher pressure in arteries so they maintain a more cylindrical shape whereas vein appear slightly “squished down”; veins have thinner smooth muscle and arteries have thicker smooth muscle

Do veins carry deoxygenated blood or oxygenated?

deoxygenated

Do arteries carry oxygenated blood or deoxygenated blood?

oxygenated

What is the “breathing formula”/ the gas law?

PV=nRT

When we’re breathing in what happens to P in relation to V?

P increase and V decreases

When we’re breathing out what happens to P in relation to V?

P decreases and V increases

What is true of nRT?

It is constant

Diaphragm

a muscle attached to the bottom of the lungs use to breathe

What does the heart-beat sound like?

Lub-dub

Path of an Electrical Signal Throughout the Heart

SA (Sino Atrial) Node —> AV (atrial ventricular) node —> Bundle of HIS —> Purkinje Fibers

Path of Blood Flow

Right Atrium —> Right Ventricle —> Lungs (via pulmonary artery) —> Left Atrium (via pulmonary veins) —> Left Ventricle —> Aorta —> Capillaries —> Vena Cava

How does the blood pumping process work?

Atriums squeeze blood on the first beat to the ventricles and ventricles squeeze blood out to the rest of the body on the second beat

What is this identifying?

Superior Vena Cava

What is this identifying?

Right Pulmonary Veins

What is this identifying?

Tricuspid Valve

What is this identifying?

Chordae Tendineae

What is this identifying?

Inferior Vena Cava

What is this identifying?

Aorta

What is this identifying?

Pulmonary Artery

What is this identifying?

Semi-lunar Valves

What is this identifying?

Bicuspid Valve

What is this identifying?

Descending Aorta

What is this identifying?

Left Pulmonary Veins

What is this identifying?

Purkinje Fibers

What is this identifying?

Bundle of HIS

What is this identifying?

Sino Atrial Node

What is this identifying?

Atrial Ventricular Node (lies underneath the pulm. artery and aorta)

Diastolic Pressure

measures pressure in arteries when heart is at rest

Systolic Pressure

measures pressure in arteries when the heart is beating; large

What is the blood pressure fraction?

Systolic/Diastolic; measured in mmHg (millimeters of mercury)

What is this identifying?

Glottis

What is this identifying?

Epiglottis

pulmonary system

parts that work together to bring oxygen into your body when you inhale and get rid of carbon dioxide when you exhale

coronary artery

supplies high pressure blood to the heart, it is directly off the aorta

Atherosclerosis

the build-up of cholesterol plaques on the coronary artery walls

Symptoms of Atherosclerosis in men

Tend to have chest pain but can also have these symptoms: chest tightness/pressure/discomfort/shortness of breath/pain in neck, jaw, throat, upper belly or back, pain/numbness/coldness of arms + legs

Symptoms of Atherosclerosis in women

Tend to have shortness of breath, nausea, extreme fatigue, w/ chest pain

Arrythmaias

hearts beats too fast, too slow, or irregularly

Symptoms of Arrythmaias

chest pain/discomfort, dizziness, fainting, fluttering chest, light headedness, racing heart, shortness of breath

Heart Murmur

a blowing/whooshing/rasping sound during a heartbeat; caused by turbulent blood flow

Fix for Atherosclerosis?

Bypass Surgery

Bypass Surgery

when a coronary artery is blocked, a bypass made of harvested tissue can be added to go around the blockage and create a new pathway for the blood to flow

Amount of bypasses that can be added?

One, two, or three

Fix for Irregular Heartbeat?

Pacemaker

Pacemaker

the SA node is the natural pacemaker but when it doesn’t function properly an artificial pacemaker can be added to control the heartbeat

What determines the characteristics of one’s teeth?

Diet

Why are human teeth the way they are?

Humans are omnivores and have teeth adapted for eating plants + animals

Where does digestion start?

Mouth

Salivary Amylase

breaks down starch; secretion is triggered by neuronal stimulation like smell or taste; other learned stimulations can trigger secretion too like the sight of food

function of the pharynx in the digestive system

in order for food to go down the esophagus the epiglottis moves to cover the trachea and direct food down the right pipe

What is this identifying?

Mouth

What is this identifying?

Liver

What is this identifying?

Gallbladder

What is this identifying?

Small Intestine

What is this identifying?

Anus

What is this identifying?

Esophagus

What is this identifying?

Stomach

What is this identifying?

Pancreas

What is this identifying?

Large Intestine

What is this identifying?

Rectum

What is this identifying?

Cecum

What is this identifying?

Appendix

pancreatic juice

neutralizes stomach acid

sphincter

ring of smooth muscles that divide the digestive system into compartments

feature specific to the anus?

as we age skeletal muscles develop on it that are voluntary and allow us to “hold it”

Large intestines absorb what?

Water

Bile

a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder