4.2 - stress-related, dissociative, and somatic symptom disorders

4 symptoms for PTSD

intrusive symptoms, avoidance responding, negative changes in cognition and mood, increased arousal and reactivity

PTSD prevalence

european lifetime 0.5-6.6%, women more likely

difference between acute stress disorder and PTSD

shorter duration, predicts subsequent PTSD

PTSD etiology (5)

biological factors, vulnerability factors, avoidance and dissociation, conditioning theory, mental defeat

biological factors for PTSD

impacted gene expression, small hippocampus, ventromedial frontal cortex failure

vulnerability factors for PTSD (3)

personal responsibility, unstable family life, high levels of anxiety

which individuals are more likely to develop PTSD

individuals who avoid thinking about their trauma

3 treatments for PTSD

psychological debriefing, exposure therapies, cognitive restructuring

what is psychological debriefing (PTSD)

form of post-event counseling for victims

what is the most effective treatment for PTSD

exposure therapies

exposure therapies for PTSD

imaginal flooding and virtual reality

cognitive restructuring (PTSD) (2)

replace intrusive thoughts, change dysfunctional beliefs

what are dissociative disorders characterized by?

significant changes in individual’s sense of identity, memory, perception or consciousness

3 symptoms for dissociative disorders

inability to recall important life events, temporary loss or disruption of identity, significant feelings of depersonalization

what is dissociative amnesia characterized by

inability to recall important personal information that is usually of a stressful nature

5 types of memory disturbances for dissociative amnesia

localized, selective, generalized, continuous, systematic amnesia

what is dissociative identity disorder (DID)

individual displays two or more distinct identities

what is DID associated with

memory gaps

what is depersonalization disorder

persistent or recurrent episodes of depersonalization

when does depersonalization disorder occur

transitional physiological states (waking up, feeling tired, practicing meditation)

what feelings come with depersonalization disorder

detachment or estrangement from the self

what is complex PTSD associated with (2)

early age interpersonal trauma and dissociative symptoms

4 etiology of dissociative disorders

psychodynamic theories, role of fantasy and dissociative experiences, cognitive approaches, biological explanations

what is repression (psychodynamic theories)

ego defense mechanism that suppresses painful memories

what do cognitive theorists believe dissociative disorders result from

disruption of sufferer’s memory processes

alternative explanations of memory failures include what 4 things

3 memories: state-dependent, reconstructive, reality and source-monitoring ability

4 problems with dissociative disorder treatment

rare disorders, spontaneously symptoms, recovery memories, comorbid with anxiety and depression

what is psychodynamic therapy

attempts to identify and deal with repressed memories

what is abreaction

re-experiencing trauma

what does hypnotherapy do

help guide the client through retrieval of repressed memories

drug treatments for dissociative disorders

SSRIs and opioid antagonists

what are somatic symptom disorders

presence of physical symptoms suggestive of a medical problem

what do people with somatic symptom disorders believe

they have a medical problem

somatic symptom disorder characteristics (3)

multiple current somatic symptoms, specific or non specific symptoms, sufferers seek medical attention

illness anxiety disorder

preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious undiagnosed illness

who is somatic symptom disorder diagnosis given to

people with excessive somatic (bodily) symptoms

who is illness anxiety disorder diagnosis given to

people who are excessively anxious about illness

3 conversion disorder common symptoms

paralysis, impaired balance, localized motor function weaknesses

4 common sensory symptoms for conversion disorder

loss of touch or pain, double vision, blindness, deafness

when do symptoms for conversion disorder develop

in adolescence or early adulthood

conversion disorder prevalence

1%, women > men

factitious disorder

falsification of medical or psychological symptoms in themselves or others

malingering

deliberate feigning of an illness or disability to achieve a particular desired outcome

somatic symptom disorder etiology (5)

psychodynamic interpretations, learning approaches, cognitive factors, sociocultural approaches, biological factors

etiology psychodynamic interpreations

distressing memories is repressed in consciousness and expressed as somatic symptoms

etiology learning approaches

sufferers have learn to express negative feelings in terms of physical symptoms

etiology cognitive factors

sufferers develop thinking and information processing (cognitive) biases

what is the reasoning bias for illness anxiety disorder

individuals seek information to support their views

what is the memory bias for somatic symptom disorder

individuals have a bias towards remembering and retrieving illness relevant material

4 treatments for somatic symptom disorder

psychodynamic therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, drug treatments

behavior therapy for somatic symptom disorders (2)

learning principles of reinforcing attention function and continuous checking for physical signs of illness or deformity

cognitive behavior therapy for somatic symptom disorders

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy