nucleic acids and inorganic molecules + atp + water

What are two examples of nucleic acids?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

describe the structure of a DNA monomer

Phosophate group binded to deoxyribose sugar binded to a nitrogen containing base (A,T,C,G)

describe the structure of a RNA monomer

Phosphate group binded to a ribose sugar binded to a nitrogen containing sugar (A,U,C,G)

what is the name of the bases?

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine,

Uracil

draw DNA and RNA molecules

thanks

what is the bond between C3 and phosphate group?

phosphodiester

how many bonds between A AND T

2 hydrogen bonds

how many bonds between C AND G

3 hydrogen bonds

what is the function of dna

codes for sequence of amino acids, 3 bases = 1 amino acid.

what does mRNA do?

messenger, contains the information from DNA to make protein by translation

what is special about the double strands in DNA?

they are anti parrel

relate the following structures of DNA to their function.

okay

sugar-phosphate backbone and double helix structure

-provides strength and stability

-protects the information coded in the bases

-protects the weak hydrogen bonds

long/large molecule

so stores alot of information

helical

compact

base sequences

allows information to be stored

double stranded

so replication can occur semi-conservatively because each strand can act as a template

complementary base pairing

allows for accurate replication

hydrogen bonds between bases are weak

so easily seperation

many weak hydrogen bonds

so dna is strong/stable molecules.

What is semiconservative replication?

In semiconservative replication, the original two strands of the double helix serve as templates for new strands of DNA. When replication is complete, two double-stranded DNA molecules will be present. Each will consist of one original template strand and one newly synthesized strand that is complementary to the template.

what two enzymes are involved in semiconservative replication?

DNA polymerase

DNA helicase

What does DNA polymerase do?

catalyses the condensation reaction forming sugar phosphate backbone of the new strand. - phosphodiester bond. it is a specific enzyme that only works in the 5' to 3' direction.

what does DNA helicase do?

breaks the hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases so each strand can act as a template

what is the first step in semiconservative replication?

DNA helicase attaches and moves along the DNA molecule, unwinding by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs

what is the second step in semiconservative replication?

the two strands separates and each strand acts as a template

what is the third step in semiconservative replication?

new nucleotides are attracted to the complementary bases strands, complementary bases

what is the fourth step in semiconservative replication?

DNA polymerase joins the nucelotides, through condensation reactions forming phosphodiester bonds in 5' to 3'.

What were the 3 models of DNA replication?

conservative, semiconservative, dispersive

describe what happened in the first step of the melson stahl experiment?

the ecoli is grown in a N15 base. The banding pattern will be at the bottom as its more dense

1st generation in N14

2 strands, mixed of N14 AND N15 banding is in the middle

2nd generation in N14

4 strands, mix of N14 and N15. but also pure N14, banding is on the middle but also at top

3rd generation

8 strands mix of N14 and N15, more pure N14. banding on middle but majority on top.

describe a molecule of ATP and draw it

Ribose sugar connected to an Adenine base and 3 phosphate groups.

Adenosine triphosphate

why is atp useful?

the last bond between the Pi molecules is majorly unstable meaning it can be easily hydrolysed to release energy.

Write the reaction for ATP breaking down

ATP --> ADP + Pi

what enzyme breaks down atp into adp and pi?

atp hydrolyse

what enzyme condenses adp and pi into atp?

atp synthase

what is atp useful?

releases relatively small amount of manageable energy.

releases energy instantly

phosphorylates other compounds, making them more reactive.

can be easily re-synthesized

is not lost.

How is ATP produced?

produced in respiration and photosynthesis (not for them)

What type of molecule is water?

polar molecule/dipole

-delta negative on oxygen because of its relative size and its electronegativity

why is water know as "universal solvent"

polar molecules dissolve in water, therefore major component of cytoplasm

why does water have hydrogen bonds?

the d- oxygen is attracted to the d+ hydrogen of the adjecent water molecule. This is called (cohesion)

what is adhesion?

An attraction between molecules of different substances - water posess this aswell

what does water act as in reactions?

metabolite, used and produced in many metabolical reaction.

explain the importance of the specfic heat capacity of water?

it has a high shc, habitats in water can resist temperature fluctuations, as orgasms body is 70% water it can protect against sudden changes.

BUFFERS CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE

explain the importance of high latent heat of vapoirsation?

takes alot of energy to break h bonds, so body uses this which lowers internal body temperature as energy used to evaporate sweat

explain the importance of the density of water.

as water freezes it becomes less dense and occupies more volume. ice is used for habitat for animals and insulates water below.

transparent so light can pass through for aquatic plants

what is the function of H+ ions and OH- ions

affect the acidity of solutions,

H+ used in respiration and photosynthesis to provide energy to make ATP

what is the function of Fe2+ and Fe3+

structural components of hemoglobin

what is the function of Na+

co-transport of glucose and amino acids from the lumen of the small intenstine into epithelial cells.

changes water potential

what is the function of phosphate

component of ATP,DNA,RNA, phospholipids

function of nitrites and nitrates?

used in making amino acids in plants

function of chlorides?

used in regulating water potential of the small intestine