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What are the key characteristics of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?
Biconcave, anucleate cells responsible for oxygen transport.
What is the role of Neutrophils in the blood?
They have a multilobed nucleus and are phagocytic.
What type of white blood cell has a large, round nucleus and is involved in the immune response?
Lymphocytes.
How do Monocytes differ from other white blood cells?
They have a kidney-shaped nucleus and differentiate into macrophages.
What is the function of Eosinophils?
They have a bilobed nucleus and respond to allergies and parasitic infections.
What is the role of Basophils in the bloodstream?
They have an S-shaped nucleus and release histamine during inflammatory responses.
What are Platelets and their function?
Small cell fragments that aid in clotting.
What percentage of blood is plasma and what does it transport?
55% of blood; transports nutrients, hormones, and waste.
What is the lifespan of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?
Approximately 120 days.
What is the expected range of Red Blood Cells per mm³?
4.5-5 million/mm³.
What is the lifespan of White Blood Cells?
Lifespan varies depending on the type.
What is the normal range of White Blood Cells per mm³?
4,000-11,000/mm³.
What is the lifespan of Platelets?
Approximately 10 days.
What is the normal count of Platelets per mm³?
150,000-400,000/mm³.
What is the WBC distribution of Neutrophils?
Approximately 50-70% of WBCs.
What type of blood group is determined by the presence of A and B antigens?
The ABO Blood System.
What are the different blood types in the ABO system?
Type A, B, AB, O.
How do antibodies relate to the blood type antigens present?
Antibodies are opposite to the antigens on RBCs.
How is the Rh factor determined?
Based on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.
What occurs when Rh-negative individuals are exposed to Rh-positive blood?
They produce anti-Rh antibodies.
Where is the heart located?
In the mediastinum, between the lungs, slightly left of the midline, and behind the sternum.
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs and return oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.
What does systemic circulation do?
Pumps oxygenated blood to body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart.
What are the external structures of the heart?
Atrium, ventricles, coronary arteries, and veins.
What are the internal structures of the heart?
Chambers, valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic), septum, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae.
What do the valves in the heart do?
Prevent backflow of blood.
What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart?
Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body.
What are the main coronary arteries?
Right and left coronary arteries branch into smaller arteries supplying the myocardium.
What collects deoxygenated blood from the myocardium?
Cardiac veins, which drain into the coronary sinus.
What is the histology of cardiac muscle?
Involuntary, striated, branched with intercalated discs for synchronized contractions.
How does skeletal muscle differ from cardiac muscle?
Skeletal muscle is voluntary, striated, long, cylindrical, multinucleated without intercalated discs.
What is the pathway of the heart's conduction system?
SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Right and left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.
What are the three layers of blood vessel walls?
Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
What distinguishes arteries from veins in terms of wall structure?
Arteries have a thick tunica media for high-pressure blood flow; veins have thinner walls with valves.
What are the only layers present in capillaries?
Only tunica intima, facilitating gas and nutrient exchange.
What is the role of capillaries?
Thin walls enable efficient exchange of materials with tissues.
What major arteries branch from the aorta?
Ascending aorta, aortic arch (brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian), descending aorta.
What circulations does the hepatic portal circulation involve?
Blood from the GI tract through the liver before systemic circulation.
What ensures blood supply to the brain?
The Circle of Willis, which includes cerebral arteries at the brain’s base.
What is the pathway blood takes to reach an extremity?
Heart → aorta → subclavian artery → brachial artery (arm) or femoral artery (leg).
What is the pathway of blood returning from an extremity?
Brachial/femoral veins → subclavian vein → superior/inferior vena cava → heart.
What remnants indicate fetal circulation post-birth?
Fossa ovalis (from foramen ovale), ligamentum arteriosum (from ductus arteriosus), ligamentum venosum (from ductus venosus), ligamentum teres (from umbilical vein).
What distinguishes fetal circulation from adult circulation?
Fetal circulation uses placental oxygen and nutrients, bypassing the lungs and liver, while adult circulation occurs in the lungs with full independence.
What are the key characteristics of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?
Biconcave, anucleate cells responsible for oxygen transport.
What is the role of Neutrophils in the blood?
They have a multilobed nucleus and are phagocytic.
What type of white blood cell has a large, round nucleus and is involved in the immune response?
Lymphocytes.
How do Monocytes differ from other white blood cells?
They have a kidney-shaped nucleus and differentiate into macrophages.
What is the function of Eosinophils?
They have a bilobed nucleus and respond to allergies and parasitic infections.
What is the role of Basophils in the bloodstream?
They have an S-shaped nucleus and release histamine during inflammatory responses.
What are Platelets and their function?
Small cell fragments that aid in clotting.
What percentage of blood is plasma and what does it transport?
55% of blood; transports nutrients, hormones, and waste.
What is the lifespan of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?
Approximately 120 days.
What is the expected range of Red Blood Cells per mm³?
4.5-5 million/mm³.
What is the lifespan of White Blood Cells?
Lifespan varies depending on the type.
What is the normal range of White Blood Cells per mm³?
4,000-11,000/mm³.
What is the lifespan of Platelets?
Approximately 10 days.
What is the normal count of Platelets per mm³?
150,000-400,000/mm³.
What is the WBC distribution of Neutrophils?
Approximately 50-70% of WBCs.
What type of blood group is determined by the presence of A and B antigens?
The ABO Blood System.
What are the different blood types in the ABO system?
Type A, B, AB, O.
How do antibodies relate to the blood type antigens present?
Antibodies are opposite to the antigens on RBCs.
How is the Rh factor determined?
Based on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.
What occurs when Rh-negative individuals are exposed to Rh-positive blood?
They produce anti-Rh antibodies.
What is the overall function of the male reproductive system?
Produce, maintain, and transport sperm and protective fluid (semen) and discharge sperm during reproduction.
What protects and regulates the temperature of the testes?
Scrotum
What is produced by the testes?
Sperm (exocrine) and testosterone (endocrine).
Where is sperm produced?
Seminiferous Tubules.
What stores and matures sperm?
Epididymis.
What transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?
Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens).
What produces seminal fluid that nourishes sperm?
Seminal Vesicle.
What activates sperm?
Prostate Gland produces prostatic fluid.
What neutralizes acidity in the urethra?
Bulbo-Urethral Glands produce mucus.
What delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract?
Penis.
What is the overall function of the female reproductive system?
Produce ova (eggs), support fertilization, and nurture developing offspring.
What produces ova and hormones like estrogen and progesterone?
Ovaries.
What transports ova and is the site of fertilization?
Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes).
What supports implantation and development of the embryo?
Uterus.
What receives sperm and serves as the birth canal?
Vagina.
What protects reproductive structures and provides sensory input?
External Genitalia (Labia Majora, Labia Minora, Clitoris).
What produces milk for newborn nourishment?
Breasts.
What is the function of seminiferous tubules in the male reproductive system?
Site of spermatogenesis.
What does the rete testis do?
Transports sperm from seminiferous tubules to epididymis.
What are the paired glands that add fluid to semen?
Seminal Vesicles.
What is the short tube merging from the ejaculatory duct into the urethra?
Ejaculatory Duct.
What is the significance of the corpus cavernosum and spongiosum?
They are erectile tissues.
What is the enlarged tip of the penis called?
Glans Penis.
What is the foreskin covering the glans?
Prepuce.
What structure connects the uterus to the exterior?
Vagina.
What narrow neck is part of the uterus?
Cervix.
What are the three layers of the uterus?
Endometrium, Myometrium, and Perimetrium.
What structure aids in the movement of the ovum?
Fimbriae.
What do the ovaries contain?
Developing follicles and release ova.
What fluids make up semen?
Sperm, seminal fluid, prostatic fluid, and mucus.
What is seminal fluid rich in?
Fructose.
What activates sperm?
Prostatic Fluid containing enzymes and citric acid.
From where does sperm formation start?
Seminiferous tubules in testes.
What is the pathway of sperm transport?
Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Prostatic urethra → Membranous urethra → Spongy urethra.
What happens during ejaculation?
Sperm is expelled through the penis into the vagina.
Where does fertilization occur?
Uterine tubes.
What are the exocrine products of the testes?
Sperm (formed in seminiferous tubules).
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