Labelling, Subcultures and Educational Outcomes

What is the main focus of the 1970s and 1990s shift in education?

A shift towards career centeredness.

What does 'labelling' refer to in the context of education?

Attaching meaning to behavior through a process.

What was the key finding of Rosenthal and Jacobsen's 1968 study?

Students labelled positively as 'spurters' by teachers experienced a self-fulfilling prophecy.

What method did Rosenthal and Jacobsen use in their study?

A field experiment.

What ethical issues are raised by the Rosenthal and Jacobsen study?

Concerns about consent and potential harm.

What does Ball's research suggest about setting and streaming in schools?

It encourages the formation of pupil subcultures.

What are the two stages of Lacey's process regarding pupil subcultures?

1. Differentiation (setting) 2. Polarisation (adopting characteristics of the set).

According to Sewell, how do black male pupils respond to racist negative labelling?

They may respond as rebels, conformists, retreatists, or innovators.

What does the 'Fifteen Thousand Hours' study suggest about teaching?

Good teaching can significantly improve student outcomes and help overcome labels.

What theoretical approach does the term 'micro' refer to in the context of labelling?

It refers to a focus on individual agency rather than conflict or consensus.

What is the significance of the late modern period (1960s and 1970s) in educational theory?

It marks a shift towards understanding the role of agency and labelling in education.