CHEM 1411 chapter 2

when a metal and a nonmetal react, the ____________tends to lose electrons and the ___________ tends to gain electrons.

metal, nonmetal

ammonium

NH4 +1

Hydronium

H3O +1

Acetate

C2H3O2 -1

Cyanide

CN -1

Hydroxide

OH -1

Chlorate

CLO3 -1

Nitrate

NO3 -1

Nitrite

NO2 -1

Parmanganate

MnO4 -1

Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate

HSO4 -1

Carbonate

CO3 -2

sulfate

SO4 -2

Sulfite

SO3 -2

Thiocyanate

SCN -1

Chromate

CrO4 -2

Dichromate

Cr2O7 -2

Oxalate

C2O4 -2

phosphate

PO4 -3

Hydrogen Phosphate

HPO4 -2

dihydrogen phosphate

H2PO4 -1

Oxide

O -2

peroxide

O2 -2

hypochlorite

CLO -1

Perchlorate

CLO4 -1

Chloride

CLO2 -1

hyrdrogen carbonate or bicarbonate

HCO3 -1

permangate

MnO4 -1

Hydrogen

H +1 ; monoatomic ion

hydride

H -1 ; monoatomic ion

fluoride

F -1 ; monoatomic ion

Bromide

Br -1

Chloride

CL -1

Iodide

I -1

sulfide

S -2

Selenide

Se -2

telluride

Te -2

nitride

N -3

phosphide

P -3

Carbide

C -4

Silicide

Si -4

All Alkali Metals/ Group 1 of the periodic table have a ____________ charge

+1 ; Li, Na, K, Fr, RB

all alkaline earth metals / group 2 of the periodic table have a __________ charge

+2 ; Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ra

Aluminum always forms a cation with a _________________ charge

+3 ; Al +3

zinc always forms a cation with a ___________ charge

+2 ; Zn +3

cadmium always forms a cation with a ____________ charge

+2; Cd +3

Silver always forms a cations with a ______________ charge

+1; Ag+1

All transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states. Example

iron can form two kinds of ions. Iron (II) Fe +2 and Iron (III) Fe +3

atomic theory of matter

the theory that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter

John Dalton

Scientist created Daltons Atomic theory. 4 Parts to the theory.

daltons postulates ; 1

each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

Daltons postulates; 2

all atoms of a given element are identical to one another in mass and other properties, but the atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.

Daltons Postulates; 3

atoms of an element are not changed into atoms of a different element by chemical reactions; atoms are neither created nor destroyed.

Daltons postulates ; 4

atoms of more than one element combine to form compounds; a given compound always has the same relative number and kind of atoms.

law of conservation of mass

the total mass of substances present at the end of a chemical process is the same as the mass of substances present before the process took place. The law was one of the laws on which daltons atomic theory was based on.

law of multiple proportions

when two elements ,call them A and B, form two different compounds, the masses of element B that combine with 1 g of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers.

J.J Thompson

scientist who discovered the electron

subatomic particles

Atom itself is made up of smaller particles.

Electrons and cathode.

Radioactivity. Nucleus, protons, and neutrons.

Robert Millikan

discovered the charge of the electron

Radioactivity

is the spontaneous emission of high-energy radiation by an atom.

Three types of radiation where discovered by Ernest Rutherford

1.Alpha Particles- positively charged

2. Beta particles- negatively charged, like electrons

3. Gama rays- uncharged

neutrons

neutral particles within nucleus

Atomic Mass Units; amu

The units of mass for subatomic particles

1 amu equals ___________________________ grams

1.67 times 10 to the negative 24th power ; much much smaller than a gram.

all atoms of the same element have the same number of ________________, which is called the _____________________________________

protons ; atomic number

Mass number

is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

if the atom is neutral the atomic number will equal not only protons but ____________________ as well.

electrons

to find the number of neutrons

subtract the atomic number from the mass number.

isotopes

are atoms of the same element with different masses.isotopes have different number of neutrons, but the same number of protons.

1st isotope of Hydrogen- atomic number 1 and mass number 1

protium

2nd isotope of hydrogen- atomic number 1 and mass 2

deuteruim

3rd isotope of hydrogen- atomic number 1 and mass number 3

tritium

metals

- all solids except mercury Hg

-lustrous(shiny)

-malleable (sheets)

-ductile (wires)

-conductors of heat/electricity

non- metals

solid-carbon(diamond, coal,and graphite),sulfure

Liquid- Bromine Br

Gases- 11 gases (example oxygen, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine)

-poor conductors

exception- carbon in graphite form is a good conductor.

semi- metals/ metalloids

B boron , Si silicon, As arsinic , Ge germanium

-intermediate conductor properties, not as good as metals but not as poor as non-metals.

-solids

mendeleev

give credit to him for giving the idea of the periodic table

mosley

British scientist given credit for modern day periodic table

The rows of the periodic table are refered to as ____________

periods; 7 rows total

columns are called

groups or families

Group 1A

alkali metals - Li lithium, Na Sodium, K Potasium , Rb robidium , Cs caesium, Fr francium. Hydrogen but not a metal

Group 2A

Alkaline earth metals- Be Beryllium, Mg magnesium, Ca calcium, Sr Strontium, Ba Barium, Ra Radium

Group 6A

Chalcogens- O oxygen, S sulfure, Se selenium, Te tellurium, Po polonium

Group 7A

Halogens- F Fluorine, Cl chlorine, Br bromine, I Iodine, At astatine

Group 8A

Noble gases or rare gases- He Helium , Ne neon, Ar Argon, Kr Krypton, Xe xenon, Rn radon

empirical formulas

give the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

molecular formulas

give the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound.

ionic compounds

are generally formed between metals and nonmetals.

when an atom of a group of atoms loses or gains electrons, it becomes an _____.

ion

cations

are formed when at least one electron is lost.

monatomic cations are formed by ________

metals

Anions

are formed when at least one electron is gained.

monatomic anions are formed by __________________.

non-metals

Cu

copper

mono-

1

di-

2

tri-

3

tetra-

4

penta-

5

hexa-

6

hepta-

7