Unit 2 - BSC2010

If a cell has a 95% concentration of water in its cytoplasm and the environment surrounding the cell has a 90% concentration of water:
a) The cell is in a hypotonic environment
b) Water will flow out of the cell by osmosis
c) Both A and C are correct
d) Water will flow into the cell by osmosis

b) Water will flow out of the cell by osmosis

Glucose is the primary sugar used in metabolism for energy. In order for glucose to be used, it must be transported into the cell rapidly and constantly. Which of the following forms of transport would be the most energy-efficient way to transport glucose across the semi-permeable cell membrane? (Remember, glucose is a large molecule)
a) passive diffusion
b) active diffusion
c) osmosis
d) facilitated diffusion

d) facilitated diffusion

Which of the following types of membrane proteins would best function as a transport protein for molecules across the membrane?
a) transmembrane proteins
b) peripheral membrane proteins
c) Integral proteins
d) lipid anchor proteins

a) transmembrane proteins

What would happen to a cell that was placed into a hypertonic environment?
a) It would shrink
b) There would be no change
c) It would swell and burst
d) It would exhibit turgor pressure

a) It would shrink

What type of transport is responsible for the movement of a polar molecule using a transport protein from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration?
a) Active transport
b) Phagocytosis
c) Simple diffusion
d) Facilitated diffusion

d) Facilitated diffusion

A solution that is hypertonic means that it has:
a) a higher concentration of water
b) a lower concentration of solutes
c) the same concentration of water
d) a higher concentration of solutes
e) the same concentration of solutes

d) a higher concentration of solutes

Place in order the stages of cell signaling:
1. cellular response
2. receptor activation
3. signal transduction

receptor activation -> signal transduction -> cellular response

The transfer of a free phosphate from one protein to another in a cell signaling pathway results in
a) GPCR activation
b) ligand binding
c) a protein kinase cascade
d) turning off a pathway

c) a protein kinase cascade

True or False? A primary advantage of cAMP in signaling pathways is its ability to amplify the cell signal.

True

Place in order the steps involved in a G protein-coupled receptor pathway:
1. GPCR in membrane bound by ligand
2. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP turns off the pathway
3. alpha subunit from G protein now activated to interact with other proteins in the pathway
4. receptor binds G protein
5. conformational change to G protein occurs, causing dissociation of alpha subunit from beta/lamda dimer
6. G protein release GDP and binds GTP

GPCR in membrane bound by ligand -> receptor binds G protein -> G protein release GDP and binds GTP -> conformational change to G protein occurs, causing dissociation of alpha subunit from beta/lamda dimer -> alpha subunit from G protein now activated to interact with other proteins in the pathway -> Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP turns off the pathway

Which of the following is not a form of cell receptor?
a) ligand gated
b) enzyme-linked
c) ion gated
d) G protein-coupled

c) ion gated

Estrogen directly activates gene transcription:
a) by activating tyrosine receptor kinases
b) in the cytosol
c) in the nucleus
d) in the cell membrane

c) in the nucleus

Plant cells inherit ___ different forms of DNA.
a) one
b) two
c) three
d) four

c) three

Exterior structures used by prokaryotes for exchange of genetic material is known as a?
a) glycocalyx
b) pilli
c) fimbriae
d) flagella

b) pilli

Which of the following is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?
a) nuclear envelope
b) endoplasmic reticulum |
c) Golgi apparatus
d) cell membrane

d) cell membrane

Match the following:
1. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2. cell membrane
3. mitochondrion
4. chloroplast
5. microtubule
a) cytoskeletal element
b) has a matrix
c) part of the endomembrane system; lacks ribosomes
d) found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
e) has a stroma

1. smooth endoplasmic reticulum -> c) part of the endomembrane system; lacks ribosomes
2. cell membrane -> d) found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
3. mitochondrion -> b) has a matrix
4. chloroplast -> e) has a stroma
5. microtubule -> a) cytoskeletal element

The organelle that houses chromosomal DNA in eukaryotic cells is:
a) Nucleus
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Golgi
d) Ribosome
e) Cell membrane

a) Nucleus

Which of the following are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) endoplasmic reticulum
b) ribosomes
c) nucleus
d) mitochondria

b) ribosomes

Photosynthesis in plants takes place in the?
a) nucleus
b) chloroplast
c) cytosol
d) mitochondria

b) chloroplast

Which one represents a function of the rough ER?
a) Produces mRNA
b) Produces lipids
c) Detoxify poisons
d) Produces and modifies proteins

d) Produces and modifies proteins

Which of the following is NOT a form of endocytosis?
a) secretion
b) phagocytosis
c) receptor mediated
d) pinocytosis

a) secretion

Which type of anchoring junction in cells connect cells together with cadherin "rivets"?
a) hemidesmosomes
b) adherin junctions
c) focal adhesions
d) desmosomes

d) desmosomes

True or False? The higher the temperature the faster molecules move.

True

Which type of anchoring junction connect cells to the extracellular matrix using integrins attached to actin filaments?
a) hemidesmosomes
b) desmosomes
c) focal adhesions
d) adherin junctions

c) focal adhesions

Which of these can cross the membrane very easy and does not require a transport protein?
a) glucose
b) K+ ion
c) Oxygen gas (O2)
d) a big hydrophilic amino acid

c) Oxygen gas (O2)

True or False? Pinocytosis is also known as cellular drinking.

True

Active transport is different from simple diffusion in that active transport:
a) Requires energy
b) Moves molecules against a concentration gradient
c) Requires proteins embedded within the cell membrane
d) Moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
e) All of the above are correct

e) All of the above are correct

Plant cells are held together by ___
a) plasmodesmata
b) middle lamella
c) adherins
d) tight junctions

b) middle lamella

If the environment surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell:
a) The environment is hypotonic to the cell
b) The environment is hypertonic to the cell
c) The environment is isotonic to the cell
d) The cell will not experience a net gain or loss of water

a) The environment is hypotonic to the cell

If a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution
a) water leaves the cell
b) the entire cell shrinks
c) the cell does not break
d) the cell breaks

c) the cell does not break

Which of the following is NOT an effect of Ca2+ ions acting as second messengers?
a) decrease in saliva production
b) adrenaline production
c) pupil dialation
d) muscle contraction

b) adrenaline production

An animal cell junction that is a protein channel linking the cytoplasms of adjacent cells is called:
a) A micro tubular junction
b) A gap junction
c) An adhering junction
d) A tight junction
e) An anchoring junction

b) A gap junction

A cytoskeleton is:
a) Found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
b) A system of tracks used for transport
c) A structure that aids in the process of cell division
d) Composed of microtubules and microfilaments
e) All of the above are correct

e) All of the above are correct

Which of the following is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
a) golgi apparatus
b) nucleus
c) mitochondria
d) chloroplast

d) chloroplast

An organelle found in plant cells but not in animal cells is:
a) A cell membrane
b) A ribosome
c) A nucleus
d) A mitochondrion
e) A chloroplast

e) A chloroplast

Auxin activates gene transcription:
a) directly in the nucleus by binding a transcription inhibitor
b) directly by binding a transfiption factor in the cytosol that then travels as a complex to the nucleus
c) indirectly by binding a protein in the cytosol that travels to the nucleus and removes an inhibitor
d) indirectly by binding a transcription inhibitor in the cytosol

c) indirectly by binding a protein in the cytosol that travels to the nucleus and removes an inhibitor

Mitochondria are for:
a) Synthesis of proteins
b) Synthesis of lipids
c) ATP production (cellular respiration)
d) Photosynthesis

c) ATP production (cellular respiration)

___ is the process of polypeptide synthesis and requires the use of ribosomes, ___ and mRNA

translation; tRNA

A central vacuole:
a) Stores DNA
b) Is a storage place for nutrients and pigments
c) Produces energy from nutrients
d) Produces protein
e) Produces DNA

b) Is a storage place for nutrients and pigments

You have been asked to map the shape and location of a newly discovered organelle found in the cells of a specific plant. In order to visually observe this new organelle, which of the following forms of microscopy should you select?
a) Brightfield microscopy
b) Phase contrast microscopy
c) Fluorescence microscopy
d) SEM

c) Fluorescence microscopy

Which organelle is the site of intracellular digestion and autophagy?
a) Golgi apparatus
b) Lysosome
c) Chloroplast
d) Smooth ER
e) Ribosome

b) Lysosome

Which of the following organelles is directly involved in phagocytosis?
a) Endoplasmic Reticulum
b) peroxisome
c) Golgi Apparatus
d) lysosome

d) lysosome

Simple diffusion:
a) Does not require energy
b) Utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane
c) Requires energy
d) Moves molecules against a concentration gradient
e) Is not helpful to living cells

a) Does not require energy

All of the following processes move materials inside the cell except:
a) receptor-mediated endocytosis
b) phagocytosis
c) pinocytosis
d) exocytosis

d) exocytosis

Which of the following terms is used to describe the make-up of cell membranes?
a) multifacted model
b) rigid mosaic model
c) bilayer mosaic model
d) fluid mosaic model

d) fluid mosaic model

If a cell has a greater concentration of solute than its environment:
a) The cell is hypertonic to the environment
b) The cell is hypotonic to the environment
c) The cell will not experience a net gain or loss of water
d) The cell is isotonic to the environment

a) The cell is hypertonic to the environment

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an example of a
a) second messenger
b) receptor
c) primary messenger
d) kinase

a) second messenger

Programmed cell death is known as ___

apoptosis

Chloroplasts are:
a) Found in fungi
b) Found in animal cells
c) Organelles that carry out protein synthesis
d) Organelles that carry out photosynthesis
e) Organelles that carry out cellular respiration

d) Organelles that carry out photosynthesis

The interior of a cell, including its organelles, is known as the
a) glycocalyx
b) cytoplasm
c) endomembrane system
d) cytosol

b) cytoplasm

The primary production of ATP for use in other cellular reactions occurs in
a) lysosomes
b) the cytosol
c) the nucleus
d) mitochondria

d) mitochondria

In order to fully view the exterior of a microscopic specimen in great detail, which of the following microscopy techniques would provide the best results?
a) Transmission Electron Microscopy
b) Phase contrast
c) Differential Interference Microscopy
d) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

d) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

A subcellular structure found in eukaryotic cells that has its own structure and function yet contributes to the overall function of the entire cell is known as a/an
a) nucleus
b) organelle
c) vesicle
d) protein

b) organelle

The Golgi apparatus:
a) Is a processing center
b) Is the site of protein synthesis
c) Is the site of lipid synthesis
d) Has ribosomes
e) Has DNA

a) Is a processing center

The function of the nucleolus is:
a) Assembly of mRNA
b) Transport of material into and out of the nucleus
c) Photosynthesis
d) Protein synthesis
e) Assembly of components of ribosomes

e) Assembly of components of ribosomes

The concept that all living things are composed of cells, and cells only come from pre-exisiting cells is known as the
a) Theory of Spontaneous Generation
b) Biogenesis
c) Cellular Biogenesis
d) Cell Theory

d) Cell Theory

Place in order the steps taken by a cell to produce a functional protein:
1. transcription of a gene found in the DNA into mRNA
2. Glycosylation of the protein
3. transfer via vesicle of protein to Golgi
4. transported via vesicle for secretion from the cell
5. Ribosome embedding into the RER membrane in order to complete translation into the RER lumen
6. Ribosome attaching to mRNA
7. completion of glycosylation and processing with proteolysis

transcription of a gene found in the DNA into mRNA -> Ribosome attaching to mRNA -> Ribosome embedding into the RER membrane in order to complete translation into the RER lumen -> Glycosylation of the protein -> transfer via vesicle of protein to Golgi -> completion of glycosylation and processing with proteolysis -> transported via vesicle for secretion from the cell

These structures are found in the cell wall of plants and allow adjacent cells to communicate:
a) plasmodesmata
b) tight junctions
c) vacuoles
d) ribosomes
e) chloroplasts

a) plasmodesmata

A contractile vacuole is:
a) Found in Paramecium
b) Used to pump water out of a cell
c) An organelle
d) All of the above are correct

d) All of the above are correct

Which of the following cell junctions is found in plants but not in animal cells?
a) gap junctions
b) tight junctions
c) plasmodesmata
d) anchoring junctions

c) plasmodesmata

The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids that have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. These molecules are classified as
a) polar
b) nonpolar
c) covalent
d) amphipathic

d) amphipathic

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable (biological) membrane is:
a) A rare occurrence
b) Osmosis
c) Active transport
d) Facilitated diffusion

b) Osmosis

Phagocytosis is:
a) An example of exocytosis
b) An example of endocytosis
c) Used by white blood cells to destroy disease causing agents
d) Both B and C are correct

d) Both B and C are correct

The proteome of a cell determines?
a) shape
b) shape and function
c) size
d) function

b) shape and function