Complete set

hypothesis

proposed explanation made from obseravation

theory

set of tested hypotheses that provides general explanation of a natural phenomenon

scientific law

observed behavior that had no exceptions

mass

quantity that represents the amount of matter a object or substance has

matter

substance that makes up a physical object

element

substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

compound

substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded

homogenous mixture

mixture with a uniform composition and no visibly distinguishable parts

heterogeneous mixture

mixture without a uniform composition, visibly distinguishable parts

physical change

change in the appearance or form of the matter of a substance

chemical change

change of one substance into another with different properties

atom

basic unit of a chemical element that can enter a chemical combination

molecule

a group of atoms bonded together; smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound

kilo

1000

pico

0\.0000000000001

mili

0\.001

centi

0\.01

mega

1,000,000

nano

0\.0000000001

zeros to the left of non-zero digits

not significant; tells magnitude

zeros between non-zero digits

always significant

zeros to the right of non-zero digits

significant if to the right of the decimal

density

degree of compactness of a substance

ion

anything that has a charge to it

cation

positively charge metal ions

anion

negative charge ions

nucleus

center of atom (contains protons and neutrons)

atomic number

the number of protons in an element

mass number

the weight of an atom in amu

isotopes

varying versions of an element with different numbers of neutrons that naturally occur

electronegativity

ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract electrons

reactant

substances that start a chemical reaction

product

what is produced in a reaction

oxidation number

total number of electrons an atom gains or loses when forming chemical bonds

oxidation

process or results of an element combining with oxygen; will lose electrons

reduction

process or result of being reduced or gaining electrons

acid

compound that increase H+ ion concentration in an aqueous solution

base

compound that increase OH- ion concentration in an aqueous solutions

salt

ionically bonded compound

neutralization

chemical reaction when an acid and base react with each other

precipitation reaction

two aqueous solutions react to form one or more solid products

combustion

reaction with oxygen to produce heat or light

decomposition reaction

reaction where a single reactant breaks down to two or more simpler compounds

lithium is a…

active metal

sodium is a…

active metal

potassium is a…

active metal

cesium is a…

active metal

rubidium is a…

active metal

calcium is a…

active metal

strontium is a…

active metal

barium is a…

active metal

lithium hydroxide acts as a…

base

sodium hydroxide acts as a…

base

potassium hydroxide acts as a…

base

calcium hydroxide acts as a…

base

barium hydroxide acts as a…

base

strontium hydroxide acts as a…

base

hydrogen fluoride is a nonmetal H compound that acts as an…

acid

hydrogen chloride is a nonmetal H compound that acts as an…

acid

hydrogen bromide is a nonmetal H compound that acts as an…

acid

hydrogen iodide is a nonmetal H compound that acts as an…

acid

\

hydrochloric acid

sulfuric acid

acetic acid

phosphoric acid

hydrochloric acid with barium hydroxide is a…

neutralization reaction

potassium and water is a…

redox reaction

barium chloride (aq) and sulfate (aq) is a…

precipitation reaction

metals can conduct heat and electricity …

easily

at room temp. metals are…

solid

when freshly cut metals are…

shiny

positively charged ion formed by metals

cation

nonmetal do not..

conduct electricity or heat

metals can be deformed without breaking making them….

adaptable

nonmetals are not adaptable so they can’t…

be deformed without breaking

at room temp. nonmetals are

gas or liquid

negatively charged ions made by nonmetals

anion

alkali metals are in group…

1A

alkaline earth metals are in group…

2A

halogens are in group…

7A

noble gases are in group…

8A

lanthanides are in period…

6

actinides are in period…

7

transition metals are in groups…

3-12

energy

ability to do work or produce heat

work

force acting over some distance

heat

transfer of energy between two object due to temperature differences

1 cal \=

4.184 J

temperature

measure of kinetic energy an object has

system

what you are observing (reaction vessel)

surroundings

everything that isn’t being observed

state function

independent of the pathway taken

Delta Y

indicates a state function

enthalpy is a…

state function

1st Law of Thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred

Delta E

sum of all internal energy

Equation for enthalpy change

delta H \= E + PV

Delta H is equal to Delta E when…

there are no gaseous reactants or products

exothermic

energy is released