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 Greensboro Sit-In

black college students sat at a segregated lunch counter — Not directly successful in ending segregation but inspired others

Voting Rights Act of 1965

banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voting registration — Response to “Bloody Sunday” - intense violence against voting rights activists

Civil Rights Act of 1964

signed Segregation and racial discrimination illegal — Federal government given power to intervene/protect civil rights

Kerner Commission

1. established by Lyndon B. Johnson; 11 members of U.S. government picked to investigate causes of race riots around the nation

   1. Conclusion: most important cause of violence was long-term discrimination

Advocated expanding the role of the federal government in fixing problems in inner cities

Malcolm X

1. Member of Nation of Islam - preached a message of self-reliance and self-protection

   1. Supported Black nationalism 

   2. Inspired the Black Power Movement - urged African Americans to use their collective political and economic power to gain equality

   3. Assassinated 1965 after leaving Nation of Islam

Black Panthers

1.  black power organization founded 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale

   1. Symbol of young militant African Americans - openly carried weapons, radical politics

   2. Organized patrols of urban areas, provided anti-poverty programs 

Kennedy’s “New Frontier”

 pledged to create economic opportunity, expand health care and civil rights, and make advances in space program

Equal Pay Act

1.  equal pay for equal work regardless of sex

2. Attempted healthcare reform - limited by Congress

“Great Society”

1.  LBJ’s domestic reforms - legislation to end poverty, discrimination

2. Declared “war on poverty” - increased aid to poor, lowered taxes

Economic Opportunity Act

1. gave $1B for youth programs, anti poverty measures, job training 

Immigration Act of 1965

1. removed immigration quotas, focused on bringing in skilled labor

 Silent Spring

1. exposed environmental crisis about widespread use of pesticides - human and animal impact

Barry Goldwate

1. easy win for LBJ

Great Society programs largely seen as successful

Miranda v. Arizona

1. protected the rights of accused (police must read you your rights before arresting you and charging you with a crime)

Tinker v. Des Moines

1. upheld right of students to protest in schools, protected freedom of speech (students wore black armbands protesting Vietnam War, and were suspended by their junior high school)

Engel v. Vitale -

1. prayer and Bible reading in schools violates the 1st Amendment

Domino theory

Vietnam divided at 17th parallel - spreads communism

1. US Involvement Increases why

1. Election planned to unify country

South - Ngo Dinh Diem

1. anti communist, very corrupt/authoritarian

Viet Cong

1. Communists in South, resisted Diem government

Thich Quang Duc

1.  Buddhist monk who self-immolated in protest

napalm

highly flammable chemical dropped from planes in firebombing attacks

Hawks

1. Supported the war 

Doves

 broke with Johnson’s war policy and supported peace

Vienamese impact on the economy

1. Unemployment decreased, but war caused rising prices and inflation

Why did people oppose the draft

1. Most drafted were poor, many minorities, easy for rich people to skip

Students for a Democratic Society

1. Founded at University of Michigan - organized “Teach-ins”

26th Amendment

1.  lowered voting age to 18

credibility gap

1.  difference between what Johnson administration said about the war and how it was reported

Why didn’t Johnson run for presidency

1.  Johnson announced US would limit bombing and would not seek reelection

Why didn’t Nixon win

1. Riots at Democratic National Convention - protesters opposed Humphrey’s stance on war

Southern Strategy

1. appeal to conservative Southerners

Silent Majority

1.  Nixon’s base, portrayed protesters/radicals as a minority

Vietnamization

1.  U.S. forces would withdraw/pass off war to S. Vietnamese army

My Lai Massacre

1. village in S. Vietnam where US soldiers brutally killed between 400 and 500 Vietnamese civilians

Kent State Massacre

1. National Guard killed 4, injured 9 student protestors

Pentagon Papers

 classified government history of America’s involvement in Vietnam - revealed that government had been lying

Paris Peace Accords

US and N. Vietnamese agreed to a ceasefire

War Powers Act

1.  requires President to consult with Congress within 48 hours of committing American forces to a foreign conflict; 60 day limit on committing troops w/out Congress approving for more