Grammar Review #1: Sentences and Fragments, Parts of Speech

noun

A person, place, thing, or idea

verb

indicates actions or states of being

pronoun

these words replace nouns

adjective

these words describe/ modify nouns or pronouns

adverb

these words modify verbs and adjectives

preposition

time and location words that indicate where things and people are. They are always followed by nouns.

independent clause

expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb.

dependent clause

Contains a subject and a verb and does NOT express a complete thought.

coordinating conjunctions

FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Subordinating conjunctions

a conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause, e.g., although, because, if, as, since, when, etc.

What are the 3 ways to combine 2 independent clauses?

Period, semicolon, or coordinating conjunction with a comma

simple sentence

A complete sentence that contains a subject and a verb. It is also known as an independent clause.

prepositional phrase

It begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. Ex. at school, with her dog, around the world

appositive

a noun or noun phrase that renames or identifies another noun right beside it, adding more information to the sentence

present participial phrase

This kind of modifying phrase begins with an "ing" verb. Ex. talking, painting, throwing

past participial phrase

This kind of modifying phrase begins with a verb ending in "ed" or "n" Ex. talked, painted, thrown

gerund

A phrase beginning with an "ing" verb that is used in the sentence as a noun. Ex. I enjoy "studying for grammar quizzes."