Early Christian and Byzantine Art

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28 Terms

1

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Arch of Constantine

315 AD (IMPERIAL ROMAN ART)

Constantine converts to Christianity
makes the state religion of the Roman Empire
- representing human form
  - short flat bodies —> Christian body
  - large heads —> Christian soul (emphasized)

<p>315 AD (IMPERIAL ROMAN ART)</p><ul><li><p>Constantine converts to Christianity</p></li><li><p>makes the state religion of the Roman Empire</p><ul><li><p>representing human form </p><ul><li><p>short flat bodies —> Christian body</p></li><li><p>large heads —> Christian soul (emphasized)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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Catacombs

Rome, 3rd-4th c.

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

Loculi—> “shelves” of Christian bodies were entombed (estimated 4 million bodies entombed)
Orant figure—> prayerful pose (Christ, crucifixion, Christ in the temple)
Good Shepherd—> figure of Christ, New Testament book of John

<p>Rome, 3rd-4th c.</p><p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><ul><li><p>Loculi—> “shelves” of Christian bodies were entombed (estimated 4 million bodies entombed)</p></li><li><p>Orant figure—> prayerful pose (Christ, crucifixion, Christ in the temple)</p></li><li><p>Good Shepherd—> figure of Christ, New Testament book of John</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Loculi

“shelves” of Christian bodies were entombed (estimated 4 million bodies entombed)

<ul><li><p>“shelves” of Christian bodies were entombed (estimated 4 million bodies entombed)</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Orant figure

prayerful pose (Christ, crucifixion, Christ in the temple)

<ul><li><p>prayerful pose (Christ, crucifixion, Christ in the temple)</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Good Shepherd

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

figure of Christ, New Testament book of John
- youthful (“human”) large head —> de-emphasized body
- rescues (salvation)
- crucifixion story
- avoids confusion of Christ with pagan gods

<p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><ul><li><p>figure of Christ, New Testament book of John</p><ul><li><p>youthful (“human”) large head —> de-emphasized body</p></li><li><p>rescues (salvation)</p></li><li><p>crucifixion story</p></li><li><p>avoids confusion of Christ with pagan gods</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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Old St. Peter’s

Rome, begun 320

*Early Christian church

provides public space for worship
teach rituals of Christian practice
avoid similarities to “pagan” temples to avoid confusion
- pagan —> Christian
brick, wood, no column orders

*Basilica Plan Church

cruciform

<p>Rome, begun 320</p><p>*Early Christian church</p><ul><li><p>provides public space for worship</p></li><li><p>teach rituals of Christian practice</p></li><li><p>avoid similarities to “pagan” temples to avoid confusion</p><ul><li><p>pagan —> Christian</p></li></ul></li><li><p>brick, wood, no column orders</p></li></ul><p>*Basilica Plan Church</p><ul><li><p>cruciform</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Santa Pudenziana

Rome, 410

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

“Christ Enthroned” apse mosaic

brick, symbolic of the body
Central Plan Church
apse (altar) —> ambulatory (walkway)
central dome
height 60 m
mosaics of glass tesserae backed with gold

<p>Rome, 410</p><p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><p>“Christ Enthroned” apse mosaic</p><ul><li><p>brick, symbolic of the body</p></li><li><p>Central Plan Church</p></li><li><p>apse (altar) —> ambulatory (walkway)</p></li><li><p>central dome</p></li><li><p>height 60 m</p></li><li><p>mosaics of glass tesserae backed with gold</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Apse mosaic “Second Coming”

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

Christ between two angels, St. Virtutis + bishop
Christ returns to judge and rule
crown —> earthly rule
book —> New Testament Doctrine
orb —> earth as circular planet “round earth

<p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><ul><li><p>Christ between two angels, St. Virtutis + bishop</p></li><li><p>Christ returns to judge and rule</p></li><li><p>crown —> earthly rule</p></li><li><p>book —> New Testament Doctrine</p></li><li><p>orb —> earth as circular planet “round earth </p></li></ul><p></p>

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“Justinian” (Theodora) mosaics

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-547

Justinian the Great emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, 527-565

<p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><p>San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-547</p><p>Justinian the Great emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, 527-565</p>

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Sant’Apollinare in Classe

549 Byzantine

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

brick
Basilica Plan Church
Apse
- orant figure—>
- Apollinave: Christ-like
- hand of God the Creator
- alignment

<p>549 Byzantine</p><p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><ul><li><p>brick</p></li><li><p>Basilica Plan Church</p></li><li><p>Apse</p><ul><li><p>orant figure—></p></li><li><p>Apollinave: Christ-like</p></li><li><p>hand of God the Creator</p></li><li><p>alignment</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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St. Apollinaris amid Sheep (Hand of God the Creator)

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

central image of apse in the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe

Transfiguration of Christ

<p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><p>central image of apse in the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe</p><p>Transfiguration of Christ</p>

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Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”)

[Isidore of Miletus] Constantinople, 532-537

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

1453 turned into a mosque, then a museum

central plan church + basilica plan church
- circle within a square
10,000 people + 5 years to complete
hemispheric dome
how to join circle + square

<p>[Isidore of Miletus] Constantinople, 532-537</p><p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><p>1453 turned into a mosque, then a museum</p><ul><li><p>central plan church + basilica plan church</p><ul><li><p>circle within a square</p></li></ul></li><li><p>10,000 people + 5 years to complete</p></li><li><p>hemispheric dome</p></li><li><p>how to join circle + square</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Figuras

character types

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Basilica plan

cruciform
narthex
nave
apse (altar)
transept
aisle

<ul><li><p>cruciform</p></li><li><p>narthex</p></li><li><p>nave</p></li><li><p>apse (altar)</p></li><li><p>transept</p></li><li><p>aisle</p></li></ul><p></p>

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apse

where the sacred altar is located

<p>where the sacred altar is located</p>

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nave

processional way

<p>processional way</p>

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aisle

3-part division

<p>3-part division</p>

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narthex

antechamber, distinct area at the entrance of churches

<p>antechamber, distinct area at the entrance of churches</p>

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Central Plan

different from Basilica Plan
focused towards the center
ambulatory—> walking path along interior
gallery
brick (unadorned)
avoids Greek/Roman orders

<ul><li><p>different from Basilica Plan</p></li><li><p>focused towards the center</p></li><li><p>ambulatory—> walking path along interior</p></li><li><p>gallery</p></li><li><p>brick (unadorned)</p></li><li><p>avoids Greek/Roman orders</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Tesserae

small block of stone used in construction

<p>small block of stone used in construction</p>

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Western Roman Empire

285 AD

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

created to handle challenges in the west

<p>285 AD</p><p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><p>created to handle challenges in the west</p>

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Eastern Roman Empire

285 AD

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

given its own administrative structure to deal with the problems in its territories

<p>285 AD</p><p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><p>given its own administrative structure to deal with the problems in its territories</p>

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Visigothic invasion

Invade Rome: 410 AD

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART

Kind Alaric sacked the city for 3 days after political negotiations failed

<p>Invade Rome: 410 AD</p><p>EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ART</p><p>Kind Alaric sacked the city for 3 days after political negotiations failed</p>

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Hieratic Imagery

stylized, formal representations to convey religious importance, prioritizing spiritual meaning over naturalism

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Dome (hemispheric)

A dome shape that is a perfect half-sphere

<ul><li><p>A dome shape that is a perfect half-sphere</p></li></ul><p></p>

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clerestory

The upper part of the church is made up of a series of windows

<p>The upper part of the church is made up of a series of windows</p>

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pendentives

triangular, spherical architectural elements that create a transition from a square or polygonal base to a circular dome

<p>triangular, spherical architectural elements that create a transition from a square or polygonal base to a circular dome</p>

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wall piers

structural wall that is supported by vertical piers or columns at intervals

<p>structural wall that is supported by vertical piers or columns at intervals</p>