Semester 1 Final Honors Biology 9th Grade (copy)

independent variables

A variable that a scientist changes to find out how this change affects other variables in the experiment.

dependent variables

The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

scientific method

1. ask a question- observation

2. form a hypothesis

3. setting up a controlled experiment

4. record and analyze an experiment

5. draw a conclusion

characteristics of living things

organized

respond to stimuli

growth and development

use energy

adaptation

reproduce

homoeostatic

classification of living things

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

organization of living things

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, body system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

3 types of bonds?

covalent ionic hydrogen

covalent bond

-chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons

-strong bond

types- polar and nonpolar

ionic bond

-when an electron is transferred from one atom to another

-strong

hydrogen bond

-when the polarity in a water molecule causes the hydrogen in one molecule to attract the oxygen atoms in another water molecule

-weak

what is the chemical formula for water?

H2O

what are all the properties of whater?

High specific heat

High heat of vaporization

Has both cohesive and adhesive behaviours

High surface tension

Expansion upon freezing

Solvent of life

common household ph items

acidic

- stomach acid

- lemon

- soda

base

Oven cleaner

Baking soda

what is the ph of blood?

7.18

what is the definition of ph?

measurement of the concentration of H='s compared to OH in a solution

what pulls apart monomers and polymers?

hydrolysis

what are the 4 types of macromolecules?

lipids, carbohydrates, nucleuic acids, protein

what brings together monomers and polymers?

polymerization

what are three common polymers that are carbohydrates?

monosacchrides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

hydrophobic

do NOT like water

hydrophilic

do like water ( soluble in water)

what is a peptide bond?

a chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

what is the function of a peptide bond?

bond together polypeptides or a chain of amino acids

what is the function of amino acids?

they make protein

what is the difference between RNA and DNA?

dna- double helix which has less oxygen, lacks 1 sugar in the oxygen

rna- 5 oxygen all available, has urisile instead

centrioles

cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs on the centrosome and may help organize mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division

chloroplast

Membranous organelle that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

chromatin

network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins within a nucleus, wound up form

cytoplasm

contents of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane that contains the organelles

eukaryote

type of cell that has a membrane-bounded nucleolus and organelles

golgi apparatus

organelle, consisting of flattened saccules and also vesicles, that processes, package, and distributes molecules within or from the call

endoplasmic reticulum

2 types rough and smooth make proteins and ship things out

lysosome

membrane-bounded vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules

nucleoid

region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope

nucleus

membrane-bounded organelle within a eurkaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell

mitochondria

membrane bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produce during the process of cellular respiration

plasma membrane

membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consist of a phosopholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; regulates the entrance and exit of molecules form the cell

ribosome

RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

vacuole

membrane-bounded sac that holds fluid and a variety of other substances

cell wall

Cell wall located outside the plasma membrane, joined together by peptide chain and is mostly found in plant cell to keep bacteria out

prokaryote

bacteria, no nucleus,

what are the organelle found in prokaryote

cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid region, ribosome

DNA function

DNA contains the genes and the genetic material

genotype

An organism's genetic makeup

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

dominant trait

Will always show up in an offspring when its allele is present

recessive trait

A trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited

what are the steps in the cell cycle?

Prophase, metaphse, anaphase, telopahse

cell cycle

This consists of interphase G1, S, G2, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis

in what stage does replication occur in a cell?

Interphase

what is the plasma membrane made of?

made of phospholipid bi layer and proteins

what can cross over the membrane?

passive transport

- oxygen, CO2, water, small non polar objects

what are the types of passive transport?

diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

osmosis

Diffusion of water

hypertonic

HIGH solute

LOW solvent

hypotonic

LOW solute

HIGH solvent

isotonic

Having the same solute concentration

endocytosis

Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell. ( think IN )

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material ( think EXIT )

types of exocytosis

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

bulk transport

Used to transport large particles and macromolecules.

exocytosis and endocytosis

chromosome

chromatid

sister chromatids

homologous pairs

centromere

chromatin

What do plant cells contain in addition?

-their difference from animal cells

Cell wall

Chloroplast

Central vacuole