Biology - Chapter 12.1, 2: Animal & Plant Pathogens & Disease

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29 Terms

1
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What are communicable diseases caused by?

Pathogens

2
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What are the different types of pathogens?

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi and Protoctista

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What is a vector?

A living or non-living factor that transmits a pathogen from one organism to another e.g. female malaria mosquito

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Bacteria features

Prokaryotic

Do not have membrane bound nucleus or organelles

Not all are pathogen (only a small proportion are)

5
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Why is gram staining bacteria useful?

The type of cell wall affects how bacteria reacts to different antibiotics

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What color does gram positive and negative bacteria turn after staining?

Gram positive: Purple-Blue

Gram negative: Red

7
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Differences between bacteria and viruses

1. Bacteria living, Viruses non-living

2. Bacteria don't require a host to survive, viruses entirely dependent on host

3. Viruses much smaller than bacteria (0.0.-0.3 micrometers)

4. Viruses consist of nucleic acid enclosed in protein coat, genetic material DNA or RNA, bacteria have circular strand of DNA

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What are protista?

Eukaryotic organisms

Include single-celled organisms and cells grouped into colonies

Protists that cause disease = parasitic (may need vector to transfer them to host)

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What type of fungi causes communicable disease?

Parasitic.

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What happens when fungi reproduces?

Produces millions of tiny spores that can spread long distances, means fungal diseases can spread rapidly and widely through plants

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What diseases do bacteria cause?

tuberculosis, bacterial meningitis, ring rot

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What diseases do viruses cause?

HIV/AIDS (humans), influenza (animals), tobacco mosaic virus (plants)

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What diseases do protoctista cause?

Malaria, potato/tomato late blight

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What diseases do fungi causes?

black sigatoka (bananas), athlete's foot (humans)

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Ring Rot

- Bacterial disease of potatoes, tomatoes

- Caused by gram positive bacteria

- No cure

- Once infects a field, cannot be used to grow for 2yrs

<p>- Bacterial disease of potatoes, tomatoes</p><p>- Caused by gram positive bacteria</p><p>- No cure</p><p>- Once infects a field, cannot be used to grow for 2yrs</p>
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Tobacco Mosaic Virus

- Virus that infects tobacco plants and major crops (150 other species)

- Damages leaves, flowers & plants

- Stuns growth, reduces yield, can lead to crop loss

- No cure, but resistant crop strains exist

<p>- Virus that infects tobacco plants and major crops (150 other species)</p><p>- Damages leaves, flowers &amp; plants</p><p>- Stuns growth, reduces yield, can lead to crop loss</p><p>- No cure, but resistant crop strains exist</p>
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Potato/Tomato late blight

- Caused by fungus protoctist

- Hyphae penetrates host cells, destroying leaves, tubers and fruit

- No cure

- Resistant strains, careful management & chemical treatments can reduce infection risk

<p>- Caused by fungus protoctist</p><p>- Hyphae penetrates host cells, destroying leaves, tubers and fruit</p><p>- No cure</p><p>- Resistant strains, careful management &amp; chemical treatments can reduce infection risk</p>
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Black Sigatoka

- Fungal disease, affecting bananas

- Hyphae penetrate & digest cells ; turns leaves black

- Resistant strains being developed,

- Fungicide & good husbandry can control spread

- No cure

<p>- Fungal disease, affecting bananas</p><p>- Hyphae penetrate &amp; digest cells ; turns leaves black</p><p>- Resistant strains being developed,</p><p>- Fungicide &amp; good husbandry can control spread</p><p>- No cure</p>
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TB

- Bacterial disease that destroys lung tissue & suppresses immune system

- Affects humans, cows, pigs and badgers

- Curable by antibiotics

- Preventable by improving living standards & vaccination

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bacterial meningitis

- Bacterial infection of meninges of brain which can spread to rest of body causing septicaemia & rapid death

- Mainy affects v. young children & teens 15-19

- If given early, antibiotics can cure disease

- Vaccination to prevent some form of bacterial meningitis

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HIV/AIDS

- Viruses that causes aids ; targets T helper cells

- Gradually destroys immune system

- Transmission = Bodily fluids

- No vaccine, No cure

- Anti-retroviral drugs slow the progress of disease to give many years of healthy life

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Influenza

- Viral infection of ciliated epithelial cells in gas exchange system

- Kills them, leaving airways open to secondary infection

- Vulnerable groups given vaccines to protect against changing strains

- No cure

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Malaria

- Caused by protoctista Plasmodium, spread by bites of female Anopheles mosquito

- Invades RBCs, liver and brain

- No vaccine, limited cures

- Control the vector

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Ring worm

- Fungal disease

- Different fungi infect different species

- Causes grey-white, crusty, infectious, circular areas of skin

-Antifungal creams are a cure

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Athlete's foot

- Human fungal disease

- Form of human ring worm that grows on and digests the warm, moist skin between toes

- Causes cracking and scaling

-Antifungal creams are a cure

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How do viruses attack and damage the host tissue?

-Take over cell metabolism

- Viral genetic material gets into host cell & is inserted into host DNA

-Virus uses host cell to make new viruses

- Eventually burst out of cell, destroying it & spread to infect other cells

<p>-Take over cell metabolism</p><p>- Viral genetic material gets into host cell &amp; is inserted into host DNA</p><p>-Virus uses host cell to make new viruses</p><p>- Eventually burst out of cell, destroying it &amp; spread to infect other cells</p>
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How do protoctista attack and damage host tissue?

-Some take over cells & break them open as new gen emerge

- Do not take over genetic material of cell

- Digest & use cell contents as they reproduce

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How do fungi attack and damage host tissue?

-Digest living cells an destroy them

- Combined with response of body to damage caused gives symptoms of disease

- Some produce toxins, affecting host cell & causing disease

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How do bacteria attack and damage host tissue?

- Most produce toxins that poison or damage host cells, causing disease

- Some bacterial toxins break down cell membranes,

- Some damage or inactivate enzymes

- Some interfere w. host cell genetic material so cell can't divide

- Toxins are by-product