APBIO Final review info.

What are the unique properties the structure of water is largely responsible for?

Polarity and hydrogen bonding.

What are the main biological functions of water?

Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.

What are the four main macromolecules built primarily from carbon?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

What is dehydration synthesis?

The process of forming covalent bonds between monomers, which produces a product and a h2o molecule

What is hydrolysis?

The process used to cleave covalent bonds between monomers.

What does the primary structure of a protein refer to?

The specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide.

What is a phospholipid?

A molecule with polar regions that interact with water and nonpolar regions that are often hydrophobic.

What is the basic unit of life according to cell theory?

Cells.

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes, while eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.

What is the role of the mitochondrion in the cell?

It is the site of cellular respiration, converting chemical energy into ATP.

Describe the process of signal transduction.

It links signal reception with cellular responses through cascades of protein modifications.

What are examples of local regulators in cell communication?

Neurotransmitters and plant immune responses.

What is denaturation?

The disruption of protein structure that affects its function.

Define positive feedback in biological systems.

Mechanisms that amplify responses and process in biological organisms.

What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

DNA replication.

What role do checkpoints play in the cell cycle?

They regulate progression through the cycle.

What is ATP synthase's function in cellular respiration?

It catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

What does the end product of glycolysis include?

ATP and pyruvate.

What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

To absorb light energy.

What is homeostasis?

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.

What is competitive inhibition?

When an inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, preventing substrate binding.

What is the Calvin cycle?

The phase of photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide.

What does the term 'quorum sensing' refer to?

It is a process used by bacteria to coordinate group behavior based on population density.

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death.

What determines the various roles of amino acids in proteins?

The characteristics of their R groups.

What is the significance of surface area-to-volume ratio in cells?

A higher ratio allows for more efficient exchange of materials.