test 3 aviation phsycology

Chapter 9: Organizational Issues, Culture, and Leadership

What are the four stages through which organizational issues play a role in accidents?

The four stages typically describe the progression from latent organizational failures to active failures leading to an accident.

What is culture?

Culture is the shared values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices that characterize a group or organization.

What are the four scales used to understand National Culture?

The four scales of National Culture often refer to Hofstede's cultural dimensions, which include Power Distance, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity, and Uncertainty Avoidance.

What are some problems relating to the study of cultural differences in an aviation context?

Problems include stereotypes, ethnocentrism, communication barriers, and the complexity of applying generalized cultural models to specific operational environments.

What is professional culture?

Professional culture refers to the shared norms, values, and practices specific to a particular profession, such as pilots, air traffic controllers, or maintenance engineers.

What is organizational culture?

Organizational culture is the unique set of values, beliefs, and behaviors that shape the way employees within a specific organization interact and perform their work.

What is safety culture?

Safety culture is the subset of organizational culture that reflects the shared commitment of an organization to safety, encompassing its values, beliefs, and practices regarding safety issues.

What characterizes a sound safety culture?

A sound safety culture is characterized by a reporting culture, a just culture, a flexible culture, and a learning culture, along with strong management commitment and employee involvement.

According to Hudson, how does a safety culture develop?

Hudson's safety culture maturity model describes a developmental path from pathological, to reactive, calculative, proactive, and finally, generative stages of safety culture.

What organizational considerations are relevant to Women and Aviation?

Considerations include addressing biases, promoting inclusivity, ensuring equitable opportunities, and understanding unique challenges faced by women in the aviation industry.

How do reorganization and adapting to new working conditions impact safety?

Reorganization can introduce new risks due to changes in processes, roles, communication channels, and stress on employees, requiring careful adaptation and management to maintain safety standards.

What is leadership, and what are some types of leadership relevant to aviation safety?

Leadership is the ability to influence and guide individuals or groups towards achieving a common goal. Relevant types include transformational, transactional, and autocratic leadership.

Regarding Leadership Gender & Safety, what are two key gender differences often observed?

1. Studies sometimes suggest differences in communication styles, with women often perceived as more collaborative.
2. Potential differences in risk perception or decision-making approaches under stress, though findings vary.

Chapter 10: Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)

How is Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) defined?

ADM is defined as a systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.

What are the stages or components of the Pilot Judgment Model?

The Pilot Judgment Model typically involves stages such as problem recognition, information gathering, analysis, decision making, and evaluation of outcomes.

What are common decision strategies used by pilots?

Common decision strategies include analytical decision-making (e.g., using algorithms or checklists), recognition-primed decision-making (RPD based on experience), and heuristic decision-making.

What are some psychological biases that can influence aeronautical decisions?

Psychological biases include confirmation bias, overconfidence bias, availability bias, and anchoring bias.

How do cognitive biases specifically impact decision-making in aviation?

Cognitive biases lead to mental shortcuts or flawed reasoning that can result in sub-optimal decisions, misinterpretation of information, or underestimation of risks.

Describe the evolution of modern ADM concepts.

Modern ADM has evolved from early models focused solely on individual judgment to more comprehensive, systematic approaches that incorporate human factors, risk management, and training programs.

How does the decision-making component contribute to aircraft accidents?

Poor decision-making can contribute to accidents through errors in judgment, inadequate risk assessment, failure to maintain situational awareness, or choosing an inappropriate course of action, especially under pressure.

What are common hazardous attitudes in aviation?

Hazardous attitudes include anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and resignation.

Explain risk assessment, risk perception & tolerance, and how a risk matrix is used in aviation.

Risk assessment is identifying and evaluating potential hazards; risk perception is how individuals perceive the level of risk, while tolerance is their willingness to accept it. A risk matrix is a tool used to visually represent and prioritize risks based on their likelihood and severity.

What is situational awareness?

Situational awareness is the accurate perception of environmental elements and events with respect to time or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future.

What characteristics define pilots with good ADM?

Pilots with good ADM typically demonstrate strong problem-solving skills, effective risk management, proactive planning, self-awareness of biases, and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances.

Chapter 11: Accident Causation and Safety Improvement

What is accident incidence in aviation?

Accident incidence refers to the frequency or rate at which aviation accidents occur, often expressed as a number of accidents per flight hour or departure.

How are aircraft accidents typically classified?

Aircraft accidents are often classified by factors such as the type of operation (e.g., commercial, general aviation), aircraft type, phase of flight, cause of the accident (e.g., human error, mechanical failure), or outcome (e.g., fatal, non-fatal).

Explain the Swiss-Cheese Model of Accident Causation.

The Swiss-Cheese Model, developed by James Reason, illustrates how accidents occur when multiple latent failures (holes in slices of cheese representing defenses) align, allowing hazards to pass through and lead to an active failure or accident.

Regarding accidents, what are the key decision-making components often identified in their causation?

Key decision-making components often include failures in information processing, faulty risk assessment, inadequate or inappropriate action selection, and a lack of critical thinking leading to errors that contribute to the accident chain.

What is the purpose of the Joint Safety Analysis Team (JSAT) in improving aviation safety?

The JSAT is a collaborative program designed to improve safety by analyzing accident and incident data from multiple sources to identify risks, propose interventions, and develop strategies for proactive safety enhancement across the aviation industry.