Sophomore English Honors: DOL 10-1

Clause

• contains both a subject and its predicate

• may or may not express a complete thought

Subject

noun or pronoun and all words that modify it

Predicate

verb or verb phrase describing subject or performed by subject and all words that modify it

Independent Clause

• clause that can stand alone

• expresses a complete thought or idea

Dependent/Subordinating Clause

an incomplete thought (sentence fragment) that needs a main clause to finish its idea

Phrase

2 or more words acting as 1 part of speech (another type of sentence fragment)

Appositive Phrase

noun phrase describing the noun it follows (NO VERBS)
→ My sister, an excellent doctor, volunteers with children in poorer countries.

Use commas to set off an…

interrupter, a nonessential phrase or clause that interrupts the main clause of a sentence (including appositives)

Use a comma after an…

introductory word or phrase

Use a comma with a…

coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) to join two otherwise independent clauses

Use a comma to join a…

subordinate introductory clause (dependent clause) to an independent clause

A subordinate clause cannot…

stand alone as a sentence

Use commas to separate…

items in a list

'affect' VS 'effect'

• 'affect' is a verb (to influence)
• 'effect' is a noun (result)

'me' VS 'I'

• 'me' is an object
• 'I' is a subject

'nor' VS 'or'

• 'nor' when using neither
• 'or' when using either

'us' VS 'we'

• 'us' is an object
• 'we' is a subject

Avoid beginning sentences with the word…

there

'have' is a…

helping verb that must be followed by a main verb

'of' is a…

preposition (word that identifies the relationship between two nouns/pronouns; ex: on, under, of, to, etc.) that must be followed by a noun or pronoun