Final :(

**How do Hindus view gods? Connection to Brahman?** 

There were 1000's of gods but they were all one part/side of Brahman

**What is the caste system? Impact?**

\-System that people were born into, defined by family lineage and ones karma

It affects jobs and how someone is treated in society, who you can marry, lasting affects today

**How are karma, dharma, and reincarnation related? How do they connect with moksha?**

\-do dharma to get good karma to be reincarnated to a higher level. once you reincarnate to a higher level you achieve moksha

**Which specific Hindu teachings did Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) reject?**

Rejected the multiple gods associated with hinduism \n Rejected the caste system \n He taught people that everyone could reach Nirvana without help of Brahmins as a result of behavior in this life

**What are the Four Noble Truths? How do they connect to the Eightfold Path?**

1. Ordinary life is full of suffering

2. 2.this suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy others

3. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish others who are an extension of ourselves

4. The way to end desire is to follow the middle path

The eightfold path is a way to end desire, understanding 4 noble truths, right speech

What is nirvana? How does a person achieve it?

\-breaking cycle of reincarnation. achieving peace and breaking the cycle of suffering. become enlightened

What are the key beliefs of Judaism? 

1. 10 commandments, code of how to live

2. Jesus isn't the Mosiah

3. Monotheistic

4. Convent with god

What was the diaspora (70 CE)? Impact and significance?

\-scattering of jews bc romans tried to kill them

\-spread judisim throughout the world

What are the key beliefs of Christianity? 

Love for god, all equal before god, mercy, eternal life, humility, compassion for others, selflessness

Why did Christianity gain so many followers? Reasons for its appeal?

-Appealed to people in lower classes \n -missionaries spread appeal \n -emperor constantine converted so the enitre romean empire had to

• Martyrs sparked intrest

• Trade routes made it easy to spread the word

What was the Hijrah (622 CE) and why was it significant? What happened in 630 CE? Significance?

\-Muhhamand left mecca and went to medina because he couldn’t gain a following

\--

\-medina→ mecca

\-took mecca over

What are the key beliefs of Islam? 

Five pillars of Islam

-faith

-prayer

-fasting

-almsgiving

\-hajj

How are these three faiths similar? What are the most significant differences? 

\-monotheistic

-day of prayer weekly

\-holy books

-almsgiving

-Jerusalem = holy city

-divine figures

\----

\-How they viewed Jesus

How did Copernicus' ideas clash with Ptolemy's model of the universe? 

\-Sun is the center

\-Earth moves around sun and spins on an axis

Leaders of the Scientific Revolution: What did Kepler contribute? Why significant?

\-student of brahe

-3 laws of planetary motion

Leaders of the Scientific Revolution: What did Galileo contribute? Why significant?

\-huge on experiment

\-symbol of conflict between religion and scientific knowledge

\- Law of pendulum

\-law of inertia

\-law of constant acceleration

\-use of telescope

Leaders of the Scientific Revolution: What did Newton (*Principia*--1687) contribute? Why significant?

\-put all ideas together through means of mathematical equations

-law of universal gravitation

Why did the Church resist some of the scientific advances, particularly the heliocentric theory?

\-contradicted literal interpretation of bible

-didn't want to lose power

Connection between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

\-natural laws governed the physical world and human society (discovered by Newton, used my enlightenment thinkers)

\-encouraged people to think

What were the key ideas of the Enlightenment? 

reason, logic, progress, elimination of superstition and intolerance, democracy, and representative government

What did Locke contribute? Significance and impact? 

people are good

three natural rights

government’s job to protect said rights

What US gov is based off

What did Montesquieu contribute? Significance and impact? 

Separation of powers

three branches

checks and balances

used in many governments today

What did Voltaire contribute? Significance and impact? 

\-Separation of church and gov

-religious tolerance and freedom

\-many govs today use it

\-what french rev wanted

What did Wollstonecraft contribute? Significance and impact? 

\-founder of modern women's rights movements

-equal rights in political, economic, and educational life

\-pointed out hypocrites

Significance of the Enlightenment? How did it shape subsequent events? 

\-Shaped world govs

-Three branches

\-Checks and balances

-Social Contract

\-Civil liberties

\- Declaration of independence

\- Sparked french rev

What role did french social structure play in the lead up to the french revolution?

\-many unhappy with their positions

-before rev society based on inequality

-divided into three estates

What role did Enlightenment ideas play in the lead up to the French Revolution?

\-many were drawn to them

\-revolution often quoted enlightenment writers

\-formed underlying background to the french rev

What role did the economic issues/crisis play in the lead up to the french revolution?

\-lots of lower class people struggling to survive

\-middle class wanted to better their position

\-economy was in crisis/near collapse

-king and queen spending exorbitant amounts of money

Storming of the Bastille **(July 14, 1789):** Impact and significance?

900 parisians stormed the Bastille, when the prison warden surrendered they cut of his head and destroyed the Bastille.

Forced King Louis to come back to Paris (he then became essentially a prisoner)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen **(1789)--**Why significant? 

Three natural rights, reflected enlightement thought, all men free and equal before law, freedom of speech

Important because it stressed the significance of equality for "all" and basic rights

-inspired english bill of rights

Impact of the Reign of Terror **(1793-1794)**?

\-40,000 killed including marie antionette

-rev armies set up to bring people under control of convention

-rev courts set up to prosecute traitors and counter-revs

Napoleonic Wars: Impact? Significance? 

\-after wars over, tried to restore balance of powers

\-conquered countries rising up against him, bc of nationalism

\-nationalism spread, affects history and us today

Congress of Vienna **(1814-1815)**: Impact/significance?

European rulers moved to restore the old order

\-great britain, australia, prussia, and russia

\-Australian foreign minister claimed the principle of legitimacy guided him

\- Damage control from napoleon's reign

\-Rearranged territories to balance power

What changes led to an agricultural revolution in the 1700s? Impact of these changes?

Four year crop rotation

-more efficent way to plant crops

Seed drill

\-planted seeds faster, less manual labor

Iron plow

\-more land useable for farming, broke hard soil that previously couldn't be used

What were the key features of the Industrial Revolution? 

\-Machine power replaced human and animal power

-Early on: coal and steam

-Later on: Electricity

Why did the IR begin in Britain? 

1. Agricultural revolution

2. Lots of natural resources to run machines

3. Increased food supply

4. Ready supply of materials

5. ready supply of money

What prompted Marx and Engels to write *The Communist Manifesto* (1848)? Key ideas?

Industrial revolution, they saw exploitation and suffering of workers

Key Ideas

-class struggle

How does communism differ from capitalism?

\-free market

\-private ownership

\n -no social classes

\-everyone equal and taken care of

\-no religion

\-no private ownership

\-doesn't really work

What were the effects, both positive and negative, of the Industrial Revolution? 

Affordable consumer goods, more jobs, more comfy lives, improved transportation and communication

\--

Pollution, crowded cities, worker exploitation, child labor, poor working conditions

What is imperialism? What sparked the growth of imperialism in the late 1800s?

Policy of extending the rule of authority of one country over other countries and colonies

\--

Industrial revolution sparked the age of imperialism

\-increased trade

-more money

\-needed raw materials

\-weapons

Motives for imperialism: Political?

\-more of the world inhabited/rule "the better it is for the world if we have more power”

Motives for imperialism: Geopolitical?

\-water routes

-military forces

Motives for imperialism: Cultural?

\-europe=best

\-spread of christianity

\-controlled foreign places

-integrated european culture in others

Motives for imperialism: Economic?

\-Rich gold and diamond deposits

-Domination of the trade,investment, and business activities

What advantages did imperialists have that helped them colonize and conquer lands around the world?

**Transportation**

\-control

-soldiers to uprisings

-steamships

-trains

-transport ore

**Military**

-subdue much larger population

\-machine gun vs. spear

**Communication**

-telegraph

-no longer takes months to relay messages cross continent, only hours

How did imperialism impact the economy of the colonizer? The colonies?

\-Pretty much all money goes to Europe

\---

\-Exploited, almost no money, forced to buy their own goods from colonizers

-Eco collapsed when colonizers leave

Why did imperialism spark nationalism? 

\-didn't like the way colonizers were treating them

-resentment turns into action

\-new educated class in western ideas led uprisings

-wanted independence and self government

What was the Berlin Conference **(1884-1885)** and why was it significant?

\-meant to settle conflicting claims over west Africa

-recognized german and British claims

How did King Leopold II rule the Congo? Impact and legacy?

horrible, cut off people's hands if they didn't meet the rubber quota

-10 million people died

What was the Congo Reform Association and why was it significant?

First intertaional association which was soley to help people. Started by a guy that noticed ropes and chains nd stuff like that being transported to the congo.

\-forced leopold to "give up" the congo to Belgium

Who was Cecil Rhodes? How does he exemplify the European imperialists of this era?

founder of imperialism

**What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion (1857)?**

-sepoy=indian in british military

-rumors of pork in cow fat in guns, felt disrespected bc of islam and hindus

-rose up

-rev put down

• nationlist group

• helped bring india to independence

• separate leauge bc Muslims were minority before

-after rebellion, colonized by britan

How did British rule impact India economically?

\-economic hardships

-1000s of women out of work

How did the British rule impact India politically?

How did the British rule impact India politically?

\-British ruled India directly with British civil service helping the viceroy

-fairy honest, efficient gov

How did the British rule impact India socially?

\-new school system (only for top 10%)

-order and stability brought to society

\-health-sanitation improved

-racism and disrespect

What was the Indian National Congress (INC)? Muslim League? Impact on Indian nationalist move’t?

• nationlist group

• helped bring india to independence

• separate leauge bc Muslims were minority before

What were the key principles which guided Mohandas Gandhi?

1. Nonviolence

2. love

3. courage

4. truth

5. convert the wrongdoer

6. equality

7. tolerance

What key strategies did Gandhi use?

1. civil disobedience

2. fasting

3. protests

4. boycotting

5. strikes

6. burning of british cloth

7. use of media

Amritsar Massacre (1919)--What happened? Significance and impact?

Peaceful group of 10,000 protestesting not being able to have public gatherings

-General dyers ordered troops to open fire on unarmed group

Deepened indian distrust of British

Gandhi became leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement

\-many began demanding independence

Salt March (1930)--What sparked it? Significance and impact?

200+ mile march

sparked by British monopoly on salt

led by Gandhi \\n increased world support

showed effectiveness of civil disobedience

highlighted role of media

Independence and Partition—1947: What happened? Impact and significance?

British told a guy to make a new map and only had six weeks. very rushed and sloppy. people freaked out and were displaced bc they became minorities overnight \n 15 million people displaced and forced to relocate

Causes and effects of the Opium War **(1839-1842)?**

**Causes**

\-britain continued to bring in opium to china so china blew up a ship

**Effects**

\-wake up call for china

-highlighted how world was modern but china wasn't

Significance of the Treaty of Nanjing?

\-1st unequal treaty

-opened up 5 trading ports

\-hong kong to Britain

\-$ for reparations and opium

\-extraterritoriality

How did the Taiping Rebellion **(1850-1864)** further weaken the Qing dynasty?

\-Peasant revolt, 20 mill deaths, qing dynasty needed European help to shut down

How did the Spheres of influence further weaken the Qing dynasty?

\-part of china controlled by a foreign country

How did the Sino-Japanese War **(1894-1895)** further weaken the Qing dynasty?

\-humiliating defeat

-lost Taiwan and influence over korea

How did the Boxer Rebellion **(1900)** further weaken the Qing dynasty?

\-targeted foreigners

-needed foreign aid to shut down

What was the Revolution of 1911 and why was it significant?

Ended the Qing dynasty

What were the **4 MAIN** underlying causes of WWI? 

\-Militarism

\-alliances

\-imperialism

\-nationalism

The spark: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand--Who did it? Why?

\-The black hand/gavrilo princip

\-wanted bosnian serbs to join Serbia, didn’t want to be a minority anymore

Significance of Germany's "blank check"?

\-Germany gave unconditional support to A-H, essentially giving them the courage to go to war with the Serbs

Fighting the War: Central Powers vs. Allies

**Central**

\-Germany, A-H, Turkey and Bulgaria

**Allied**

\-Russia, GB, France, Italy, Romania, Greece, Serbia

What was trench warfare? Impact on the Western Front?

\-fighting from ditches protected with barbed wire

\-helped cause stalemate

Fighting on the Eastern Front in comparison to the Western Front/Impact on Russia?

**Eastern front:**

\-very mobile and active, less trench warfare

**Russia**

\-defeatedRussians early on by Germany

\-2.5 millions russians killed

Impact of the war at sea?

\-killed innocent civilians

\-helped pull the US into war

\-submarines, unrestricted warfare

Weapons: long-range artillery, machine guns, submarines, poison gas, tanks, airplanes/technology way ahead of tactics—impact? How did warfare change?

\-millions of lives lost/essentially just slaughter

\-caused stalemate on western front

\-war became longer and more brutal

\-tactics were behind technology

Home front: Impact of **total war**?

\-planned economy

\-propoganda

\-rations

\-woman working

**The “Forgotten Genocide”--**Why were Armenians targeted by the Ottoman Turks? Impact & significance? What lessons can and *must* be learned?

\-different religions, occupations and language

\-minority

\-1.5 million were killed

\-many knew what was happening but didn’t stop it

\-hitler refrenced the genocide and how no one stopped it during WWII

\--

\-speak up, stop it before its too late

Why was 1917 a turning point in WWI? How did these events impact the course of the war?

\-US joined war, boosted moral and fighting power

\-gave allied powers upper hand and tipped the scale in their favor

President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points:  Why issued? Impact?

\-issued to prevent future war

\-Germany thought 14 points would guide peace treaty

Key ideas of the fourteen points?

\-no more agreements behind closed doors

\-reduced military forces

\-freedom of seas and trade

\-preserve Belgian sovereignty

\-return Alsace-Lorace to France

\-Self determination

\-League of Nations

How did the distinct interests of the Big Four complicate the peace negotiations for the T of V?

\-GB wanted to make Germany pay for war, which conflicted with what others wanted

\-France wanted security against german attacks

\-US wanted self-determination and reduced armeants

* wanted peace while GB and France wanted germany punished

What were the key provisions of the T of V? Seeds of WWII? 

• reparations

• Germany is no longer an empire

• Germany respects other countries’ independence

• reduced army

• didn’t reflect 14 points

• US didn’t join LN

Why didn’t the US Senate ratify (approve) the Treaty of Versailles? Impact?

• didn’t want to be ulled into european conflicts

• didnt join LN, weakened the LN

Weimar Republic: Major challenges?

• post-war gov

• Weimar politicians blamed for German defeat

• german officials never admitting defeat

• resented for signing treaty of versailles and surrendering

Impact of the Dawes plan on Germany?

• improved econ

• brought germany into golden age

What ended Weimars golden age?

\-US stock market crash

* ripple affect

Fascism vs. Communism--Key differences? Similar totalitarian aspects?

Fascism- inequality

Communism- “equality”

Fascism- Strong gov

Communism- No gov

Fascism- protects wealth and private property

Communism- no “wealth” and private property

Fascism- appeals to upper classes

Communism- appeals to lower classes

Fascism- anti-communist

Communism- anti-fascist

* in the end, they’re both dictatorships and totalitarian govs.

How did Benito Mussolini create a totalitarian state in Italy? 

• Fascism

• propaganda

• appealed to nationalism

• secret police

• bribed catholic church

• took advantage of fear and anger

• control of media

• forced the prime minister to give up pwr

What impact did Stalin's Five-Year Plans and collectivization of agriculture have on the Soviet Union?

• investment in housing declined

• worker wages decreased by 43%

• worker numbers increased by millions

• millions of workers and their families all lived in horrible conditions

• widespread famine

• more equality for women :)

• gov owned all land

• those who resisted sent to labor camps or killed

What was the Great Purge? Scope and impact? 

• marked by Kirov’s assassination

• mass killings by stalin

• list of ppl assassinated

• 20 million soviet citizens killed

• when killed ppl were removed from photos and essentially everything

  -second death

What was the Holodomor? Impact and significance?

• man-made famine

• genocide against Ukraine

• 3-12 million ppl died

• farms are taken away from Ukrainian citizens

  -those who refused to give up land killed

How did China become a victim of Japanese aggression? What was the Rape of Nanjing? **(1937)**

-Rape of Nanjing

• 300,000 citizens killed

• thousands of women raped

• horrible conditions and treatment

-attacked before even being involved in the war

Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis)--Key ideas & goals?

• strong german nationalism

• abolishing the treaty of Versailles

• anti-semitism

• Fascism

• Anti-communist

Munich Beer Hall *Putsch* **(1923):** Significance? 

\-armed uprising led by Hitler against gov

\-took advantage of people’s fear

\-failed rebellion

* wrote a book while in jail (mein kampf)

*Mein Kampf*: Key ideas/red flags? 

• extreme german nationlism

• anti-semitism and scapegoating

• anti communism

• social darwinism

How did the Nazis go from a small fringe party to the largest political party in Germany? 

• econ deppresion

• promising to fix unemployment and other problems

• fed on ppls anger w/ current gov

Why was the Reichstag fire **(1933)** a turning point in Hitler's rise to power? What other steps helped him consolidate his power?

-leads to enabling act

• gives Hitler complete dictatorship!

-blames communists

----------------------------

• when the president died he got rid of the president and chancellor titles and created the “fuhrer”

• anti-semitism

• propoganda

• media

• secret police

• taking advantage of ppls fear

• german nationalism

• youth groups

What were the key policies and methods that Hitler used to build the Nazi state? 

• propoganda

• promising a new Germany that appeals to nationalism and militarism

• used legal loopholes

  -enabling act

• secret police

What were the goals of Nazi propaganda? Impact?

• blame jews/hate them

• Join Nazi party