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study of internal structure is called
anatomy
what is apical meristem
The area at the apex of a stem or root that has parenchyma cells that continually divide, producing growth in length.
during the formation of leaves and elongation of stem the cells which left behind the shoot apical meristem constitutes to form
axillary bud
what is intercalary meristem
the growth region at the base of grass leaves that causes leaves to elongate
example of intercalary meristem
grasses, regenerate parts
name the meristem that occur in nature region of roots and shoots of many plants particularly Woody axis and appear later than primary meristem
secondary or lateral meristem
example of lateral meristem
fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium, cork cambium
precursor of plastid is known as
proplastid
which simple tissues form the major component within organs
parenchyma
shape of parenchyma cells
isodiametric
the walls of parenchyma cells are made up of
cellulose
which simple tissue is formed in layers and is present in the epidermis of dicot plants
collenchyma
function of parenchyma tissue
photosynthesis, storage, secretion
is the intercellular space present in parenchyma
if it is present then it will be in very less amount
'A' found either as a homogenous layer or in patches. whom does A refers to
collenchyma
why the cells are thicken at the corners in collenchyma.
due to deposition of cellulose hemicellulose and pectin
is the intercellular space present in collenchyma
no
function of collenchyma
to support such as in young stem and petiole of leaf
'A' consist of long narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls having a few on numerous pits.
sclerenchyma
What are fibres?
thick walled elongated and pointed cells generally occur in groups in various parts of plant.
function of sclerenchyma
provides mechanical support to organs
The 'A' are spherical oval aur cylinderical highly thickened dead cells with narrow lumen
sclereids
where is the sclereids found
fruit wall of nuts , pulp of fruits like guava and sapota ,seed coat of legumes and leaves of tea
outermost layer of primary plant body
epidermis
what does epidermal tissue system consists of
epidermal cells ,stomata and epidermal appendages
the outside of epidermis is covered with a waxy thick layer called
cuticle
structures present in epidermis of leaf
stomata
function of stomata
transpiration and gaseous exchange
Stomatal apparatus =
stomatal aperture, guard cells, subsidiary cells
what are subsidiary cells
cells present in the vicinity of guard cells which become specialised in their shape and size
shape of guard cells in grasses
dumbbell shape
name the structures which help in preventing water loss
cuticle, trichomes
unicellular elongation of the epidermal cells which absorb water and minerals from the soil
roots hairs
anatomical unit of muscle
muscle fibre
What is the glenoid cavity?
shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus, forming the shoulder joint
what is acetabulum
Articulating surface for the femur's head
phylogenetic classification system was given by
engler, Hutchinson, takhtajan
father of algology
F.E fritsch
example of anisogamous
eudorina
example of oogamous
volvox, fucus
name the algae which are rich source of iodine
fucus and laminaria
green algae have rigid cell wall made of inner layer of______________ and outer layer of______________
cellulose ,pectose
colony of volvox is is known as
coenobium
cell wall of phaeophyceae is composed of
cellulose and algin
cell wall of rhodophycea is composed of
cellulose, pectin, polysulphate esters
tallest tree species in gymnosperm
sequoia
smallest gymnosperm
zamia
dryopteris also known as
anthelmintics drug
adiantum is also known as
walking fern
example of heterosporous pteridophytes
salvinia and selaginella
pollination in pine trees is known as
sulphur shower
largest sperm in the plant world is of which plant
cycas
oldest living Fossil and is connecting link between cycads and rotifers
ginko biloba
aquatic water fern used as biofertilizer
azolla
predominant stage of life cycle of a moss is
gametophyte
name the two stages occurring in mosses
1.) protonema stage
2.) leafy stage
common examples of mosses
funaria, polytrichum and sphagnum
examples of pteridophytes
ferns, horsetails, psilotum, lycopodium, dryopteris, adiantum
common examples of gymnosperms
gingko, pinus, cedrus, cycas, sequoia
example of chlorophyceae
chlamydomonas, volvox , ulothrix, spirogyra, chara
examples of phaeophyceae
dictyota, sargassum, laminaria, ectocarpus ,fucus
examples of rhodophycea
porphyra, gracilaria, gelidium, polysiphonia
smallest angiosperm
wolfia
tallest angiosperm
Eucalyptus
what are siphonostele
Stele with pith
what is protostele
Steel without pith
plant group with the largest ovule, largest gamete and the largest tree is
gymnosperms
the book genera plantarum was written by
Bentham and hooker
in which plant the wing of seed developed from ovuliferrous scale
pinus
what are corollaoids roots
when cycas associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, the association form is called coralloid roots
example of microphylls in pteridophytes
selaginella
example of macrophylls in pteridophytes
ferns
what is tetany
muscle spasms due to low Ca ions
what is arthritis
inflammation of the joints
what is gouts
inflammation of joint due to uric acid crystals
what is muscluar dystrophy
degeneration of skeleton muscle due to genetic disorder
name the joint between altlas and axis
pivot joint
name the joint between carpals
gliding joint
coala bones is formed by fusion of three bones
ilium, ischium and pubis
name the first vertebra which artculates with occipital condyles
altlas
number of cervical vertebrae in mammals
7
no. of true ribs present in human beings
7
no. of false ribs present in human being
3(8th ,9th, 10th)
no. of floating ribs present in human being
2(11th and 12th)
Ribcage =
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
name the flat bone on the ventral midline of thorax
sternum
axial skeleton comprises how many no. of bones
80
Axial skeleton=
skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
single u-shaped bone present at the base of skull
hyoid bones
appendicular skeleton includes
pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
name the bones of hand(forelimb)
huemrus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, pahalanges
name the bones of lower limbs
femur(thighbone), tibia, fibula, patella(round bone, kneecaps), tarsals(form ankle and heel), metatarsals(form the arches), phalanges(toe bones)
structural and functional unit of muscle
sarcomere
light bands in muscles contain which type of protein
actin
dark band in muscles contain which type of protein
myosin
name the line of elastic fibre which bisects light band
Z line
name the line of elastic fibre which bisect dark band
M line
the central portion of thick filament which is not overlapped by thin filament is called
H zone
what are cartilaginous joints
bones connected by cartilage
where is ball and socket joint is located
between humerus and pectoral girdle
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