Chapter 30 - Revolution and Nationalism
Alexander III took strong measures to put down the revolutionaries. On published materials and written papers, including private communications, he imposed severe censorship regulations.
His secret police kept a close eye on both secondary and university schools. Teachers were required to submit detailed reports on each kid.
Political prisoners were deported to Siberia, a far-flung part of eastern Russia.
Russians were dissatisfied with the country's rapid industrialisation. Factory expansion brought with it additional issues such as dreadful working conditions, pitifully low wages, and child labor.
Trade unions were outlawed by the government. Workers dissatisfied with their low level of life and lack of political influence launched strikes to try to better their situation.
On January 22, 1905, 200,000 workers and their families gathered in front of the Winter Palace of the Czar in St. Petersburg.
They held a petition calling for improved working conditions, more personal freedom, and a national legislature that is chosen by the people.
Nicholas II made the disastrous decision to enlist Russia in World War I in 1914. Russia was unprepared to deal with the financial and military implications.
The German army was no match for its weak generals and ill-equipped troops. Thousands of Russians were killed by German machine fire as they advanced.
Terror and violence are used by totalitarian dictators to compel conformity and suppress dissent.
The police are normally expected to respond to criminal behavior and protect the public. In a totalitarian regime, the police are responsible for enforcing the policies of the central government.
They may accomplish this by spying on or scaring citizens.
They have been known to utilize violent force and even murder to attain their objectives.
To persuade people to accept specific beliefs or activities, totalitarian nations broadcast propaganda, which is slanted or incomplete information.
This is made possible by the control of all mass media.
Without the authorization of the state, no publishing, film, painting, or music may exist.
To keep his control, Stalin established a police state. To quell rioting, Stalin's secret police employed tanks and armored cars.
They spied on people's phones, read their correspondence, and placed informants all over the place.
Even children reported disrespectful words made at home to authorities.
All newspapers, motion pictures, radio, and all forms of media were under the supervision of Stalin's regime.
Official censorship harmed many Soviet writers, composers, and other artists.
Individual inventiveness that did not adhere to the state's ideas was not tolerated by Stalin.
Under Stalin, the government was in charge of all aspects of education, from kindergarten to university.
The Communist Party's virtues were taught to schoolchildren.
Professors and students who questioned the Communist Party's historical or scientific interpretations risked losing their jobs or being imprisoned.
Communists sought to replace religious teachings with communist ideas.
The government and the League of the Militant Godless, an officially supported group of atheists, promoted anti-religious propaganda during Stalin's reign.
In 1917, the Chinese government declared war on Germany, hoping for an Allied victory.
Some officials erroneously anticipated that the grateful Allies would return control of Chinese territories that had previously belonged to Germany in exchange for China's participation.
The Allies, on the other hand, awarded Japan those territory as part of the Treaty of Versailles.
Sun Yixian and his Nationalist Party established a government in south China when the Chinese Communist Party was emerging.
Sun, like the Communists, became disillusioned with the Western democracies for refusing to support his regime.
Sun decided to join the newly founded Communist Party and the Kuomintang.
He intended to bring together all of the revolutionary movements for a common cause.
Jiang first put his concerns with the Communists aside. The warlords were defeated by Jiang's Nationalist forces and the Communists working together.
But, not long after, he turned against the Communists.
The vast majority of Indians were uninterested in nationalism before World War I. Over a million Indians recruited in the British army, which transformed the situation.
The British government promised them changes in exchange for their service, which would eventually lead to self-governance.
Gandhi urged Indians not to buy British goods, send their children to British schools, pay British taxes, or vote in British elections.
Gandhi successfully launched a boycott of British fabric, which was a source of money for the British.
Gandhi's weapon of civil disobedience cost the British a lot of money. They battled to keep trains running, factories open, and packed prisons from overflowing.
Thousands of Indians were arrested by the British during 1920 as a result of strikes and demonstrations.
Despite Gandhi's nonviolent appeals, rallies frequently devolved into riots.
Except for Turkey, the Ottoman Empire was compelled to surrender all of its possessions at the end of World War I.
The traditional Turkish heartland of Anatolia, as well as a short strip of territory around Istanbul, were included in Turkish holdings.
Prior to World War I, both the United Kingdom and Russia had created spheres of influence in Persia.
The British attempted to take over all of Persia after the war, when Russia was still suffering from the Bolshevik Revolution.
In Persia, this maneuver sparked a nationalist uprising. A Persian army general seized power in 1921.
While nationalism became a more powerful force in Southwest Asia, the region's economy was changing as well.
New oil explorations in Southwest Asia have been prompted by the growing demand for petroleum products in industrialized countries.
Alexander III took strong measures to put down the revolutionaries. On published materials and written papers, including private communications, he imposed severe censorship regulations.
His secret police kept a close eye on both secondary and university schools. Teachers were required to submit detailed reports on each kid.
Political prisoners were deported to Siberia, a far-flung part of eastern Russia.
Russians were dissatisfied with the country's rapid industrialisation. Factory expansion brought with it additional issues such as dreadful working conditions, pitifully low wages, and child labor.
Trade unions were outlawed by the government. Workers dissatisfied with their low level of life and lack of political influence launched strikes to try to better their situation.
On January 22, 1905, 200,000 workers and their families gathered in front of the Winter Palace of the Czar in St. Petersburg.
They held a petition calling for improved working conditions, more personal freedom, and a national legislature that is chosen by the people.
Nicholas II made the disastrous decision to enlist Russia in World War I in 1914. Russia was unprepared to deal with the financial and military implications.
The German army was no match for its weak generals and ill-equipped troops. Thousands of Russians were killed by German machine fire as they advanced.
Terror and violence are used by totalitarian dictators to compel conformity and suppress dissent.
The police are normally expected to respond to criminal behavior and protect the public. In a totalitarian regime, the police are responsible for enforcing the policies of the central government.
They may accomplish this by spying on or scaring citizens.
They have been known to utilize violent force and even murder to attain their objectives.
To persuade people to accept specific beliefs or activities, totalitarian nations broadcast propaganda, which is slanted or incomplete information.
This is made possible by the control of all mass media.
Without the authorization of the state, no publishing, film, painting, or music may exist.
To keep his control, Stalin established a police state. To quell rioting, Stalin's secret police employed tanks and armored cars.
They spied on people's phones, read their correspondence, and placed informants all over the place.
Even children reported disrespectful words made at home to authorities.
All newspapers, motion pictures, radio, and all forms of media were under the supervision of Stalin's regime.
Official censorship harmed many Soviet writers, composers, and other artists.
Individual inventiveness that did not adhere to the state's ideas was not tolerated by Stalin.
Under Stalin, the government was in charge of all aspects of education, from kindergarten to university.
The Communist Party's virtues were taught to schoolchildren.
Professors and students who questioned the Communist Party's historical or scientific interpretations risked losing their jobs or being imprisoned.
Communists sought to replace religious teachings with communist ideas.
The government and the League of the Militant Godless, an officially supported group of atheists, promoted anti-religious propaganda during Stalin's reign.
In 1917, the Chinese government declared war on Germany, hoping for an Allied victory.
Some officials erroneously anticipated that the grateful Allies would return control of Chinese territories that had previously belonged to Germany in exchange for China's participation.
The Allies, on the other hand, awarded Japan those territory as part of the Treaty of Versailles.
Sun Yixian and his Nationalist Party established a government in south China when the Chinese Communist Party was emerging.
Sun, like the Communists, became disillusioned with the Western democracies for refusing to support his regime.
Sun decided to join the newly founded Communist Party and the Kuomintang.
He intended to bring together all of the revolutionary movements for a common cause.
Jiang first put his concerns with the Communists aside. The warlords were defeated by Jiang's Nationalist forces and the Communists working together.
But, not long after, he turned against the Communists.
The vast majority of Indians were uninterested in nationalism before World War I. Over a million Indians recruited in the British army, which transformed the situation.
The British government promised them changes in exchange for their service, which would eventually lead to self-governance.
Gandhi urged Indians not to buy British goods, send their children to British schools, pay British taxes, or vote in British elections.
Gandhi successfully launched a boycott of British fabric, which was a source of money for the British.
Gandhi's weapon of civil disobedience cost the British a lot of money. They battled to keep trains running, factories open, and packed prisons from overflowing.
Thousands of Indians were arrested by the British during 1920 as a result of strikes and demonstrations.
Despite Gandhi's nonviolent appeals, rallies frequently devolved into riots.
Except for Turkey, the Ottoman Empire was compelled to surrender all of its possessions at the end of World War I.
The traditional Turkish heartland of Anatolia, as well as a short strip of territory around Istanbul, were included in Turkish holdings.
Prior to World War I, both the United Kingdom and Russia had created spheres of influence in Persia.
The British attempted to take over all of Persia after the war, when Russia was still suffering from the Bolshevik Revolution.
In Persia, this maneuver sparked a nationalist uprising. A Persian army general seized power in 1921.
While nationalism became a more powerful force in Southwest Asia, the region's economy was changing as well.
New oil explorations in Southwest Asia have been prompted by the growing demand for petroleum products in industrialized countries.
