Close Relationships ch. 3 & 4

When people shower one with interest and approval, he or she is gratified by the attention and acceptance. This is an example of ___

Direct reward

According to Zajonc, a person’s killing for someone can be increased by ___

Mere exposure to him or her

When people who have interacted only online meet in person for the first time ___

Their perceived similarity tends to decrease

According to Kelmer, lovers who are deeply committed to one another are ___

more likely to survive a separation

A feature of physically attractive people is that they ___

Make better overall impressions than less attractive people

Direct Rewards

Refer to all the evident pleasures

Indirect Rewards

Refer to relatively subtle indirect benefits that the receiver is not always aware

According to Little et al., women usually find rugged, manly features more appealing when they ___

are fertile, just before ovulation

Ben and Cassey are university students and have several mutual friends. They do not attend classes together but often see each other at parties. One day, Cassey enters a classroom for a meeting of the Debate Club and sees Ben sitting at one of the desks. Since she does not know anyone else present there, she decides to sit next to Ben. This scenario demonstrates ___

Mere exposure

A characteristic of averaged faces is that ___

Their facial features are proportional to one another

If partners who are separated are committed to each other, they are likely to ___

Construct idealized images of their partnership

Proximity in relationships is rewarding because it ___

Requires less effort and cost than getting to a distant partner

The most attractive waist-to-hip ratio, or WHR, in women is___

0\.7

According to Lemay et al., people assume that attractive people have ___

Desirable traits that complement their desirable appearances

An impact of physical attractiveness on the nature of interactions with people is that ___

Unattractive men tend to have fewer interactions with women than attractive men

According to Rhodes, men are usually thought to be attractive if they have ___

Strong jaws and broad foreheads

According to Fink, averaged faces tend to be

Attractive because they are symmetrical

Partners in established romantic relationships tend to have similar levels of physical attractiveness, and this pattern is known as ___

Matching

Women with high mate values usually ___

Have the ability to insist on partners of high quality because they are highly sought after

According to Lassek and Gaulin, men find women most alluring when their ___

Weight is neither too high nor too low

A disadvantage of being physically attractive is that ___

People lie to pretty people more often than they do to plain people

Drake and Jessica have been married for 20 years. Others often attribute their successful marriage to the fact that both Drake and Jessica are agreeable and outgoing, even though they have differing opinions on most things. In this scenario, Jessica and Drake are similar in terms of ___

Personality

True or False: The more serious and committed a relationship becomes, the **less** obvious matching usually is

FALSE

A person’s overall attractiveness as a reproductive partner is known as _ _

mate value

Stimulus-value-theory

1. Attraction based on stimulus
2. Attraction depends on similarity in attitudes and beliefs
3. Role compatibility in terms of life tasks becomes important

In the early days of courtship, Clara thought that her partner George was organized and methodical. However, once they married, she realized that George was obsessed with cleanliness and go angry if his belongings were not kept in a certain order. For Clara, the qualities of George that initially attracted her have now become the most irritating things him. This scenario demonstrates ____

Fatal attraction

People are attracted to those who are similar to their ideal selves because they ___

Exhibit the desirable qualities the person wants to posses but does not yet

True or False: The link between similarity and attraction is stronger for personalities than for attitudes ___

False

Women do not need to be as concerned as men about their partner’s youth because ___

Men retain their capacity to reproduce as long as they live

The reactions that provide a good fit to one’s own behavior or useful skills and are actually similar actions are referred to as ___

Complementary

Stimulus information

Refers to information such as age and physical attractiveness

Value stage

Refers to information such as attitudes and beliefs

Role compatibility

Refers to agreement on tasks related to life tasks such as parenting and careers

According to Fletcher et al., when looking for long-term partners, women tend to prioritize ___

Status and resources

A(n) *_* _ occurs when a quality that initially attracts a person to another gradually becomes one of the most obnoxious, irritating things about a partner

fatal attraction

According to Strauss et al., people tend to be attracted to those who __

Are similar to their ideal selves

Men who have a high status and good financial resources tend to be preferred because they ___

Can provide shelter and protection to women during pregnancy

In the context of complementary in relationships, a partnership is fulfilling when the partners __

Desire the same goals

Warmth and Loyalty

Refers to a partner being trustworthy, kind, understanding, and supportive

Attractiveness and Vitality

Refers to a partner being good-looking, sexually appealing, and outgoing

Status and Resources

Refers to a partner being financially secure and living well

The reactions that provide a good fit to one’s own behaviors or useful skills and are actually similar actions are referred to as __

Complementarity

True or False: Social cognition is associated with the ways people think about their relationships

TRUE

Nineteen-year-old Jason started smoking. His girlfriend Tessa thinks that as Jason has always looked down on smokers and is usually sensible, he is unlikely to continue this habit for long. In this scenario, Tessa’s belief demonstrates ___

Primacy effect

A tendency to look for information that proves first impressions right, rather than inquire after data could prove it wrong, is known as a ___

Confirmation Bias

According to a study conducted by Swann and his colleagues, as familiarity in a relationship increased, people ___

Became more confident that they understood their partners

A characteristic of positive illusions in romantic relationships is that the illusions ___

Are a mix of realistic knowledge and idealized perceptions of partners

According to Fiske & Taylor (2017) _____ ____ is a term that refers to all the processes of perception, interpretation, belief, and memory with which individuals evaluate and understand themselves and other people

social cognition

Internal Influences

Refer to a person’s personality, ability, or effort

External Influences

Refer to implicating a situation or circumstances a person faced

A person’s tendency for the first information received about others to carry special weight, along with instant impressions and stereotypes, in shaping overall impressions, of them is known as ___

Primacy effect

Sarah, a university student, is attracted to one of her classmates. She has never spoken to him but thinks he is intelligent. Even when her friends say bad things about him, she stays firm in her belief about him by finding positive aspects in his behavior. In this scenario, Sarah’s opinion demonstrates ___

Confirmation Bias

The tendency of partners to generate different explanations for their own behavior than they do for the similar things they observe in their partners is referred to as __

Actor/observer effects

A problem with confirmatory biases is that __

They can make one cling to snap judgements that are incorrect and make them overconfident

People judging their lovers in a way that portrays their partners in the best possible light is referred to as their ___ ___

positive illusions

When partners readily take credit for their successes but try to avoid the blame for their failures, they display ___

a self-serving bias

The explanations people generate for why things happen are known as ___

Attributions

Relationship Enhancing Attributions

Positive actions by the partner are judged to intentional, habitual, and indicated of the partner’s fine character and explaining away their misbehavior

Distress-maintaining Attributions

Negative actions by a partner are perceived as deliberate and routine

Reconstructive memory influences relationships because ___

Partners’ current feelings about each other influence their memories of their shared past

One day, Ross forgets to wash the dishes. Dana, his wife, attributes this behavior to his laziness, whereas Ross was actually working the entire day. The following week, when it was Dana’s turn to wash the dishes, she also forgets to do it. However, she says that she forgot because she had other chores to do. In this scenario, Dana’s explanation demonstrates ___

Actor/observer effects

According to a study conducted by Swann and his colleagues, as familiarity in a relationship increased, people ____

became more confident that they understood their partners

Grace and Mark were in a relationship for three years. Mark says that the relationship lasted for three years only because he made efforts to be generous and thoughtful. He blames Grace for the failure of their relationship while ignoring the fact that his arrogance was one of the problems that ended the relationship. In this scenario, Mark’s behavior demonstrates a ___

self-serving bias

For a partner’s positive behavior, unlike relationship-enhancing attributions, distress-maintaining attributions provide ___ reasons

External and unstable

The manner in which people’s memories are continually revised and rewritten as new information is obtained is known as ____ ____

Reconstructive memory

Destiny beliefs suggest that if two people are meant to be happy, they ___

will know it as soon as they meet

When couples argue or a partner misbehaves, people who hold growth beliefs are usually ___

Optimistic that any damage can be repaired

A problem with confirmatory biases is that ___

False predictions that become true because they lead people to behave in ways that make the erroneous expectations come true are known as ____ -fulfilling prophecies

self-fulfilling

Optimism, which is the flip side of rejection sensitivity, is the tendency to ___

Expect good things to happen

According to Chip Knee and his colleagues, an assumption that two people are either well suited for each other and destined to live happily ever after, or they are not, is made by _____

Destiny beliefs

Self-enhancement

The desire for positive, complimentary feedback

Self-verification

The desire for feedback that is consistent with one’s existing self-concept

Good relationships are believed to develop gradually as the partners work at surmounting challenges and overcoming obstacles according to ___

Growth beliefs

According to Swann and Buhrmester, people usually seek intimate partners who ___

support their existing self concepts

Self fulfilling prophecy in order

The perceiver forms an expectancy about the target

The perceiver subtly communicating his or her expectancy to the target

The target interprets the perceiver’s behavior

The target responds in a reciprocal fashion

The perceiver interprets the target’s response ignoring his or her role in producing the response

Trying to influence one’s impressions that others form is known as ___ ___

impression management

Anxiously perceiving snubs from others when none are intended is the characteristic of people who are high in ___

Rejection sensitivity

Ingratiation

Seeking acceptance and liking from others

Self-promotion

Recounting accomplishments or strategically arranging public demonstration of skills

Intimidation

Projecting oneself as being ruthless and menacing

Supplication

Portraying oneself as being inept to elicit help from others

All of the beliefs and feelings people have about themselves is encompassed in their ___

self-concept

People who readily adjust their behavior to fit the varying norms of different situations are high in the trait of ___

Self-monitoring

Verification of self-concept is more important than self enhancement in marriage, and this phenomenon is known as ___

marriage shift

As two people’s relationship develops and they spend more time together, they do come to ____

understand each other better

Peter, a math professor behaves stern and strict in the classroom, but he is fun-loving and outgoing when he is with his friends. In this scenario, Peter’s behavior in the classroom demonstrates ___

Impression management

People who are high in avoidance of intimacy usually do not read others well because they

Do not pay close attention to others

People who have high emotional intelligence tend to ___

Be adept at judging others

An impression management strategy commonly used by romantic partners is ____

Ingratiation

Intimate partners are motivated to be accurate about their perceptions when ___

Accurate perceptions threaten their relationships

A characteristic of those who are high in the trait of self-monitoring is that they ___

tend to surround themselves with activity specialists

According to Letzring, married couples tend to

Perceive each other more accurately than dating couples do

True or false: According to Hall and Mast, women tend to be better judges of others than men

TRUE

A set of abilities that describes a person’s talents in perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions is known as ___ ___

emotional intelligence

Attraction due to proximity

Physical distance that separates people

Decreasing it increases attraction

Attraction due to familiarity

People like stimuli more the more frequently they have been exposed to them

Attraction due to reciprocity

Liking those who like us

Most of pursue partners who are likely to return our interest or we don’t even try

Mate value

Overall attractiveness as reproductive partners

Attraction due to similarity

We like those who are like us

People pair off with others of similar mate value