SCH1111 Fundamental Biomedical Techniques Lecture 7 (Week 8)

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Flashcards on Fundamental Biomedical Techniques Lecture 7 (Week 8)

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40 Terms

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Pathogen

Biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.

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Helicobacter pylori

Gastric ulcers are caused by this bacteria, not stress or spicy food.

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Animals and insects

Infectious diseases can be spread by these organisms

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Mosquitoes

Murray Valley Encephalitis, Ross River virus, Zika virus

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Birds

Bird flu, Psittacosis, Salmonella and Campylobacter (chickens)

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Leading causes of death in 2000

Ischaemic heart disease, Stroke, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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Leading causes of death in 2019

Ischaemic heart disease, Stroke, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias

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Healthy life expectancy at birth

Average number of years that a person can expect to live in 'full health' from birth.

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Physical barriers to resist infection

Tough outer layers of skin.

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Chemical defense to protect inner tissues

Acid in the stomach

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Intrinsic defenses of individual human cells

Cells aggressively degrade double-stranded RNA (viral)

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Types of Pathogens

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, Prions

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IgM

Primary infection triggers this initial antibody

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IgG

Repeat infection triggers this initial antibody

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Bacteria

Unicellular organisms without a nucleus.

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Virus

Non-cellular infectious agent that replicates in living cells.

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Fungi

Eukaryotic simple organisms, that can grow single-celled or as thread-like filaments.

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Protozoa

Unicellular eukaryotic organism

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Helminths

Multicellular complex organisms living in or on a host.

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Prions

A protein as a standalone infectious agent.

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Microorganism (microbe)

Microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular) or cell clusters.

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Microorganisms

Bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists; microscopic plants (green algae)

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Archaea and Bacteria

Lack a cell nucleus and the other membrane bound organelles; unicellular

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Eukaryotes

Membrane bound ('true') nuclei containing their DNA.

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Prokaryotes Nucleus Description

A DNA/protein complex in the cytosol (nucleoid) which lacks a nuclear envelope.

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Primary Pathogens

They can breach barriers and survive in host locations where other microorganisms cannot.

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Examples of Primary Pathogens

Bubonic plague – Yersinia pestis; Smallpox / Variola vera – Variola major or V. Minor; Mononucleosis - Epstein–Barr virus; TB - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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Pathogenicity

Ability of an organism to cause disease (i.e., harm the host).

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To survive and multiply, a successful pathogen must:

Colonize the host; Find a nutritionally compatible niche in the host’s body; Avoid, subvert, or circumvent the host’s immune responses; Replicate, using host resources; and Exit and spread to a new host.

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Opportunistic pathogens

Cause disease under some circumstances

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Examples of opportunistic pathogens

Candidiasis – Candida albicans; Staphylococcus aureus

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Microbiome

The totality of microorganisms and microbial genomes that constitute a host’s normal microbiota.

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Common bacteria shapes

Coccus/cocci (plural), Bacilli (Rods)

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Food Poisoning

Due to contaminating microorganisms in food that have not been killed, and that can invade your gastrointestinal tissues.

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Invasiveness

The ability to colonise

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Ability to produce toxins (toxigenesis)

Some of these toxins are released from the living bacteria. These toxins (exotoxins) are very potent.

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Ability to produce toxins (toxigenesis)

Some of these toxins are part of the outer cell wall and these are released when the bacteria are lysed (endotoxins).

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How do we diagnose bacterial infections?

Agar plates, physical (staining) and growth characteristics (what they like to grow on, what they don’t like to grow on, which carbohydrates they can use to grow)

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Other method used to diagnose bacterial infections

Flow cytometry, PCR

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Multidrug resistant (MDR)

Multidrug resistant (MDR) is a condition enabling disease-causing microorganisms to resist distinct anti-microbial agents (antibiotics) of a wide variety of structure and functional targets.