CSDS 115 unit 1- introduction to fluency disorders

fluency

the smooth, effortless, and rhythmical flow of speech without interruptions or tension

stuttering

a speech disorder characterized by disruptions (dysfluencies) in the flow of speech 

repetitions

repeating sounds syllables or words.

part-word repetitions

what t-t-t-time is it?

polysyllabic whole word repetitions

Those are giraffes-giraffes-giraffes.

monosyllabic whole word repetition

my-my-my sock

phrase repetitions

i want to-i want to-i want to do it.

prolongations

stretching out a sound 

sound/syllable prolongation

Lllllllet me do it.

silent prolongation

a struggling attempt to say a word when there is no sound.

broken words

a complete stop or pause in speech where the person seems stuck before a word
(“it was won-PAUSE-derful.”)

ABCs of stuttering

affective
behavioral
cognitive

affective

most people who stutter tend to exhibit various emotional reactions to talking (frustration, anxiety, fear, dreading)

behavioral

stuttering behaviors, secondary behaviors/associated motor behaviors, physiological activities, phonatory and laryngeal problems.

cognitive

people who stutter may have heard parents, teachers, relatives say “he is thinking faster than he can talk” or “he has so much to say and he just can’t get it all out at once”

respiratory problem

attempts to speak during inhalation, attempts at continued speech production even though the air supple has exhausted, interruption of inhalation by exhalation and vice versa

phonatory and laryngeal problems

stuttered speech is associated with varied laryngeal abnormalities that can be directly observed through video endoscopes and other instrumentation
(slow or delayed onset of phonation, delayed termination of phonation, slow onset and termination of phonation when a signal is given to start or stop phonation)

cluttering

rapid and irregular speech rate and indistinct articulation. Hurried speech even under normal circumstances (a.k.a. tachyphemia)

characteristics of cluttering

- rapid, indistinct, unintelligible speech
- jerky or stumbling rhythm
- omission and compression of sounds and syllables
- rapid repetitions of syllables, along with other forms of disfluencies
- monotonous tone
- reduced awareness or lack of concern
- not anxious about speech or speaking situations
- more common in males

neurogenic stuttering

stuttering is associated with acquired neurological disorders. conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, impacting functions like movement, speech, and cognition

characteristics of neurogenic stuttering

-       Presence of stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs)

-       Diagnosis of a neurologic condition or disease

-       Occurrence of stuttering for the first time in their life

-       Direct correlation of stuttering and a neurologic condition

-       Onset at any age