Neonatal Diarrhea in Ruminants

These flashcards cover key concepts surrounding neonatal diarrhea in ruminants, primarily focusing on calf scours, associated pathogens, treatments, and preventative measures.

What is the most common cause of morbidity in calves less than two months of age?

Diarrhea (specifically calf scours) is the most common cause.

What are the major pathogens associated with calf scours?

E. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, and cryptosporidium parvum.

What is the key to improving the immune status of calves?

Providing high-quality colostrum to newborn calves.

How is diarrhea classified in calves?

Into two groups: hypersecretory and malabsorptive diarrhea.

What does hypersecretory diarrhea lead to?

An abnormal amount of fluid secretion into the gut exceeding absorption capabilities.

What are common clinical signs of dehydration in calves due to diarrhea?

Depression, lethargy, and recumbency.

What is the consequence of malabsorptive diarrhea?

Destruction or compromise of the intestinal villi, leading to decreased absorption.

Which pathogen is most commonly associated with malabsorptive diarrhea in calves?

Coronaviruses, rotaviruses, and cryptosporidium.

What is cryptosporidium parvum?

A zoonotic pathogen that can cause severe diarrhea in calves.

What is the timeline for when different pathogens typically cause diarrhea in calves?

E. coli (1-7 days), rotavirus/coronavirus (4-14 days), and cryptosporidium (9-21 days).

What is the primary treatment for calf scours?

Fluid therapy to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Under what conditions should antibiotics be used in treating diarrhea in calves?

When there's a suspected E. coli infection or evidence of bacteremia/septicemia.

What is the primary method of diagnosing calf scours?

Physical examination followed by fluid therapy; diagnostics may be used if treatment doesn't improve condition.

How long does it take for a calf to regenerate its intestinal villi after an infection?

Approximately seven days.

What complicates the diagnosis of calf scours?

The presence of multiple pathogens causing diarrhea at the same time.

What is the main prevention strategy for calf scours?

Implementing biosecurity practices and managing the environment.

What characterizes environmental factors that can lead to calf scours?

Cold, wet weather and high pathogen load.

What does a lack of suckle reflex indicate in a calf?

It likely indicates metabolic acidosis and poor health.

What are some common treatments for coccidiosis in calves?

Sulfa drugs, Amprolium, and nutritional management.

What is the significance of the calf's hydration status during a physical examination?

It helps assess the severity of dehydration and informs fluid therapy decisions.

What role do ionophores play in preventing calf diarrhea?

They help reduce environmental pathogen loads and improve gut health.