Middle Ages

Technological Advancements

Innovations like the iron plow that improved efficiency

Guilds

Organizations setting work standards, wages, and trade regulations

Pros of Guilds

Enhanced economic opportunities, education, and social mobility

Cons of Guilds

Resulted in unclean conditions, loss of self

Effects on Feudalism

Shifted power dynamics, leading to conflicts between lords and merchants

Social Mobility

Ability for serfs to improve legal status and become free

Merchants' Rights

Gained through force against lords, challenging control through taxes and fees

Pope Urban

Issued call for "holy war" and wanted to gain control of the Holy Land.

Crusade

A military campaign initiated by Pope Urban to reclaim Palestine and reunite the church.

Reasons for going

Reunite church, reclaim Palestine, and give kings the opportunity to get rid of fighting knights.

Byzantine emperor

Appealed to Christians to stop Muslim attacks and gain control of key trade routes.

Techniques used

Flattery, contrast/enemies of G-d, unity against the enemy, imagery, and potent messaging.

Legacy

Included dehumanization/demonization of Muslims, increased trade, women managing affairs, and Pope Urban's power weakening.

Consequences

Increased trade, access to more trade routes, women managing affairs, and Muslims becoming more intolerant of Jews and Christians.

Jews

Faced intolerance from Muslims, leading to the translation of Greek and Arabic texts into Latin in areas like science, mathematics, philosophy, and law.

Lay investiture

Ceremonies conducted by kings/nobles to appoint church officials, granting them significant control over the clergy.

Gregory VII vs Henry IV

Conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV over lay investiture, leading to Gregory abolishing it and Henry opposing this decision.

Excommunication

The act of officially excluding someone from participation in the Church, as Pope Gregory VII did to King Henry IV for defying the ban on lay investiture.

Resolution/Compromise

The agreement that only the church can appoint bishops, but nobles retain the right to veto appointments, resolving the lay investiture controversy.

Richard the Lionheart

Son of King Henry II, captured and ransomed

John "Lack land"

Son of King Henry II, lost land and taxed nobles

Magna Carta

Document limiting king's power, ensuring feudal rights

Runnymeade on Thames

Location where Magna Carta was written, protecting feudal rights

Feudal Rights

Protected by Magna Carta, include no taxation without representation

Jury Trial

Right guaranteed by Magna Carta for legal protection