***FINAL EXAM: Chapter 24 The Respiratory System単語カード | Quizlet

provides gas exchange

supplies body with O2 and disposes CO2

provides protection against pathogens

provides ability for speech

helps regulate blood volume, blood pressure and body fluid pH

Functions of the Respiratory System

conducting zone

from nose to terminal bronchioles

functions to filter, moisten and warm incoming air

respiratory zone

from respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

actual site of gas exchange in lungs

Parasnasal sinuses

act as resonance chambers in speech

pharynx

throat

funnel-shaped

serves as common passageway for food and air

mostly skeletal muscle

within mucosa are tonsils - destroy pathogens

nasopharynx (air), oropharynx (food and air), laryngopharynx (food and air)

What are the 3 pharyngeal regions from superior to inferior?

larynx

voice box

superiorly attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx; inferiorly, it continues with the trachea

voice production

provides an open airway

act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels

functions of the layrnx

9 laryngeal cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments

structure of the larynx

thyroid cartilage

shaped like an upright open book or shield

largest laryngeal cartilage

forms most of anterior and lateral walls of larynx

adam's apple in males

hyaline cartilage

cricoid cartilage

signet-ring-shaped cartilage that forms a complete ring of cartilage with greatly expanded posterior portion

located inferior to thyroid cartilage, on top of trachea

protects the glottis

hyaline cartilage

Epiglottis

shoehorned shaped laryngeal cartilage

comprised of ELASTIC cartilage

almost entirely covered in mucosa

functions in cough reflex

trachea

The windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system.

ends by branching into the two main bronchi

tracheal wall

16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline tracheal cartilage joined by one another via annular ligaments

protects airway

provides flexibility

mucous membrane or mucosa

Which layer is ciliated pseudostraitified columnar epithelium found in the tracheal wall?

submucosa

Which layer are seromucous galnds found in the tracheal wall?

carina - where the last tracheal cartilage ends and trachea branches into main bronchi

Where is the cough reflex often initiated in the trachea?

bronchial tree

a system of respiratory passages that branches extensively within the lungs

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

The respiratory zone consists of structures decreasing in size:

trachialis muscle

functions in decreasing the diameter of trachea

elastin

Irregular plates of cartilage replaces cartilage rings as each main bronchi enters lung. cartilage is absent in bronchioles but what is present instead?

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

to simple columnar

to simple cuboidal

What are the epithelial changes of the trachea leading into the bronchioles?

alveoli ducts

microscopic air-exchange chambers of the lungs

surrounded by a delicate network of pulmonary capillaries and fine elastic fibers

Type I cells in alveoli

single layer of squamous epithelial cells, which lines the walls of alveoli; surrounded by delicate basal lamina

Type II cells in alveoli

cuboidal epithelial cells, which secrete a fluid that coats the internal alveolar surfaces and contains SURFACTANT - prevents alveolar walls from sticking together during exhalation

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

exist in the air space of alveoli and remove the tiniest inhaled particles that are not trapped by the nasal mucosa

the pleurae

double-layered flattened sacs around each lung, whose walls consists of serous membranes

parietal and visceral pleura`

What are the 2 layers that cover the lungs?

parietal pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura that covers the external surface of the lungs

pleural cavity

potential space (between the parietal and visceral pleurae) filled with pleural fluid, which decreases friction between the lungs and the thoracic wall during breathing

stroma

the lungs consist mainly of air tubes and spaces and the balance of the tissues called ________, which is a framework of connective tissue containing many elastic fibers

results in light, soft, spongy, elastic organs (lungs)

apex

superior, rounded tip of lungs

base

concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

hilus

indentation on medial surface of each lung through which blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung

left lung

somewhat small lung

contains the cardiac notch

has only 2 lobes divided by the oblique fissure

right long

lung

has 3 lobes divided by the oblique fissure and horizontal fissure

pulmonary arteries

deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, from heart for oxygenation

pulmonary capillaries

network surrounds the alveoli

pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated blood form alveoli of lungs to the heart