Chapter 12 - Personality

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what is personality?

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75 Terms

1

what is personality?

a personā€™s general way of interacting with the world

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2

what is personality consistancy?

stability of the behaviour over time and across situations

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3

what is personality distinctiveness?

different people react to the same situation in different ways

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4

what is a personality trait?

durable disposition to behave in a particular way

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5

what is the five-factor model of personality traits (big five personality factors)

  • openness to experience

  • conscientiousness

  • extraversion

  • agreeableness

  • neuroticism

(OCEAN)

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6

who made the five factor model of personality traits

mccrae and costa

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7

what big five personality factor tends to be more politcally liberal

openness to experience

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8

what big five personality factor tends to live longer

conscientiousness

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9

what big five personality factor is less likely to be divorced

conscientiousness

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10

what is uncontrollable stigma?

when we attach negative correlation (judgement) to people who we think have a ā€œcontrollable faultā€

aka, judging people for smoking because itā€™s a behaviour that they can control

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11

what was freudā€™s theories focused on? (3)

  • early childhood experiences

  • unconcious motives and conflicts

  • inhibited sexual and aggresive urges

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12

what are the three levels of awareness (freud)

  • conscious

  • unconcious

  • presconcious

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13

according to freud, what is the structure of personality? (3)

  • id

  • ego

  • superego

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14

what is id?

raw biological urges, innate drives we are born with

(eating, sleeping, bathroom, sex)

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15

id operates according to what principle?

pleasure principle

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16

what principle does superego operate according to?

idealistic principle

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17

what is superego?

moral guide / conscience influenced by internalizing parentsā€™ values and the voice of society

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18

what works against id by inflicting guilt?

superego

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19

what is ego?

assesses what is realistically possible in satisfying the id and/or superego

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20

what principle does ego operate according to?

reality principle

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21

what is consciousness?

acute awareness, things you are thinking about right now

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22

what is preconsciousness?

just under awareness, easily known

ex. accessing the answer to the question ā€œwhat are you having for dinner tonight?ā€

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23

what is unconciousness?

well below awareness, difficult to know but very influential

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24

according to freud, personality is the result of the battle for control between what? (3)

id, ego, and superego

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25

what is repression?

ego keeps threatening impulses out of awareness

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26

what is denial?

ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities

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27

what is projection?

ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others

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28

what is reaction formation?

ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite

(we form a reaction thatā€™s more socially acceptable)

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29

what is regression?

ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress

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30

what is displacement?

ego shifts feelings toward an unnacceptable object to another more acceptable object

(taking out anger on someone/something else)

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31

what is sublimation?

ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one

(ex. wanting to punch someone but instead you lift weights)

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32

what is rationalization?

ego replaces a less acceptable unconcious thought or impulse with a more acceptable concious one

(ex. making excuses for failure, ā€œi did bad on that test because the test was unfairā€)

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33

what is the oedipus complex?

desire to replace the same-sex parent and enjoy the affections of the opposite parent

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34

what is the electra complex?

the oedipus complex but for girls idk why its different lmaoo

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35

what are the main criticisms of psychoanalytical theory? (4)

  • sexist against women

  • unverifiable concepts

  • inadequate empirical base (description rather than prediction)

  • too many hypotheses for reactions to anxiety

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36

what is the collective unconscious?

deepest layer of the unconcious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past

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37

what did carl jung propose?

that the unconscious consists of two layers: the personal unconscious and collective unconscious

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38

what is the personal unconscious?

it houses material that is not within oneā€™s concious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten

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39

what are archetypes?

ancestral memories, emotionally charged images and thoughts that have universal meaning

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40

what did adler argue that the foremost source of human motivation was?

striving for superiority

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41

what is adlerā€™s idea of compensation?

efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing oneā€™s abilities

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42

what is an inferiority complex?

excessive feelings of inferiority, exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy

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43

what is adlerā€™s idea of overcompensation?

working to aquire status and power, especially from material things like fancy cars and expensive clothesl to conceal feelings of inferiority

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44

who first gave attention to the possible importance of birth order as a factor governing personality?

adler

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45

what did karen horney contribute to psychoanalysis?

she broadened the perspective of psychoanalysis to consider childhood, environment, and interpersonal relationships

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46

what was karen horneyā€™s most important criticism of freudā€™s idea?

she criticized his emphasis on the central role played by infantile sexuality on personality development.

she believed that an infants need for a sense of security was more important

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47

what did b.f. skinner contribute to personality psychology?

  • behavioural perspective

focused on how the external environment could change behaviour, thought that people have consistant behaviour because they aquired them through situations (skinner viewed an individualā€™s personality as a collection of response tendencies tied to various situations)

theorized that environmental consequences (reinforcement, punishment) determine peopleā€™s patterns of responding

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48

what did b.f skinner use in his research?

rats and pigeons

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49

what is a reinforcer?

anything that makes a behaviour more likely to occur again in the future

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50

what is positive reinforcement?

something has been added to make the behaviour more likely

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51

what is negative reinforcement?

something has been taken away to make the behaviour more likely

ex. taking advil REMOVES the headache, making you more likely to take advil in the future

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52

what did albert bandura contribute to personality psychology?

  • social-cognitive perspective

theorized that our environment determines behaviour, but we can learn through observational learning

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53

what is reciprocal determinism?

the back and forth relationship between our behaviour and our environment, and our internal cognitive factors (beliefs, expectations, etc.)

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54

what is self-efficacy?

our belief of whether or not we can do something right now

  • our belief makes it more likely we will do that thing

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55

what did water mischel contribute to personality psychology?

  • social-cognitive perspective

he theorized that behaviour depends on the situation (interactionist - to understand someoneā€™s behaviour you must understand the situation they were in)

(ex. quiet in class, loud at hockey game)

  • person x situation interaction

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56

what are the pros of behavioural and social cognitive perspectives of personality? (2)

  • based on rigorous research

  • insights into effects of learning and environmental factors

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57

what are the cons of behavioural and social cognitive perspectives of personality? (3)

  • over-dependence on animal research

  • fragmented view of personality

  • dehumanizing views

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58

what is the humanistic perspective of personality?

stress the personā€™s capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose destiny, and positive qualities

contrasts behavioural perspective

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59

what did carl rogers contribute to personality psychology?

  • humanistic perspective

    believed that people are free to choose their own actions, and are not governed by their environments

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60

what is incongruence?

the degree of disparity between oneā€™s self-concept and actual experience

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61

what is self-concept?

a collection of beliefs about our own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour

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62

what did abraham maslow contribute to personality psychology?

  • humanistic perspective

    created the hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization being the highest need

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63

what are pros of the humanistic perspective to personality psychology? (2)

  • importance of a personā€™s subjective view of reality

  • attention to the issue of what constitiutes a healthy personality

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64

what are cons of the humanistic perspective to personality psychology? (4)

  • too optimistic

  • lacking a strong research base

  • may encourage excessive self-love

  • hard to test empirically

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65

what did eysenck contribute to personality psychology?

  • biological perspective

    theorized that behaviour is determined by evolutionary adaptations, the wiring of the brain, and heredity

    (nature is more influencial than nurture)

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66

what 3 ā€œhigher-orderā€ traits did eysenck believe all aspects of personality emerge from?

  • extraversion

  • neuroticism

  • psychoticism

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67

what is the terror management theory?

we have a biological drive to stay alive but we have a psychological awareness of our vunerability and mortality

our self-esteem and cultural belief systems reduce existential anxiety

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68

what are immortality projects?

project to continue on after our life ends (big families, writing books, fame, etc.)

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69

what is mortality salience?

the awareness by individuals that their death is inevitable, which leads to defending our own cultural world views and self-esteem (ex. increased nationalism after 9/11)

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70

what demographic is most research based on? (WEIRD)

-Westernized

-Educated

-Industrialized

-Rich

-Democratic

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71

what are individualistic cultures?

  • industrialized western cultures

  • individualism

  • tendency to view self in terms of personality traits, ability, and values

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72

what are collectivistic cultures?

  • cultures native to asia, africa, and central + south america

  • collectivism

  • tendency to define self in terms of group identity and relation to others

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73

what are projective personality tests?

what are their assumptions?

what is the problem with this test?

tests that provide ambiguous stimulus (ex. ink blot tests, showing images)

assumption: the abiguity of the stimulus allows projection of personality

problem: lacks reliability and validity

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74

what are self-report tests?

what are their assumptions?

what are the problems with this test? (2)

directly ask people whether items describe them

assumption: individuals are able to report how they feel, think, and have insight into their own inner state

problem: social desirability, response set (tendency to answer questions in ways that are the most complimentary or flattering)

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75

what are behavioural assessments?

what is the problem with this test?

directly observe a personā€™s behaviour

problem: hard to develop objectivity

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