Nutrition Exam #3

Body mass index

An indicator of nutritional status that is derived from height and weight measurements; provides rough estimate of body comp but does not account for weight distributions from fat and muscle

diet history

the most comprehensive form of dietary intake data collection; involves an interview process that reviews recorded dietary intake, eating behaviors, recent and long-term habits of food consumption, and exercise patterns.

waist circumference

measure of abdominal girth taken at narrowest part of the waist as viewed from the front; one of two most commonly used ways to assess weight status

waist-to-hip ratio

fat distribution measure that compares abdominal circumference with hip girth; provides indication of where fat deposition is primarily occurring

fat mass

weight of body fat (includes stored fat in fat cells and essential body fat)

fat-free mass

weight of all body components except fat (primarily made up of skeletal muscles and bone, including protein, water, minerals, fat-free organ weight)

lean body mass

used interchangeably with fat-free mass, but LBM includes essential fat

bone mineral mass

weight of the mineral content of bone based on estimations of bone density

percent body fat

percentage of total body weight that is fat mass

energy balance

A state in which energy intake is equal to energy expenditure

hunger

A physical cue such as gurgling or growling of the stomach that prompts an individual to eat

satiation

A physical cue such as gurgling or growling of the stomach that prompts an individual to eat

appetite

A psychological or emotional desire for food

tapering

A scheduled decrease in the volume and intensity of training 6 or more days prior to competition. The purpose is to allow for recovery from training and replenishment of glycogen stores in the liver and muscle.

strength

The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to generate force; purely a measure of how much weight can be successfully lifted by an athlete

power

The ability of a muscle, or group of muscles, to generate force at high movement speeds

team sports

Sports in which two or more athletes work together in a common playing area to defeat an opposing group of competitors

ketosis

A condition that arises from abnormally high levels of ketone bodies in the tissues and body fluids

ketoacidosis

Acidification of the blood caused by a buildup of ketone bodies

growth channel

The normal height-to-weight growth pattern/relationship; used to assess a child’s growth trends and to screen for any potential growth abnormalities.

What is a health history questionnaire?

• A survey that includes a variety of questions about current health, past medical history, and other daily health and wellness topic

What are some examples of information we can receive from health history questionnaires?

chronic diseases, current or past injuries, surgeries, regular medications

What are some methods used of collecting food intake data?

1. food record

2. 24-hour dietary recall

3. food frequency questionnaire

What are the most common omissions seen in food records?

1. actual portion sizes eaten

2. condiments used

3. restaurant or brand of item

4. method of food preparation

5. beverages consumed with meals or snacks

6. snacks

Know the various methods used to measure body composition. Which of these are the “gold standard” or criterion?

1. underwater weighing: assessment of body comp based on determination of body density, fat free mass sinks & fat mass floats

2. air displacement plethysmography: measures volume of air displaced by the body

3. DEXA: scanning body using radiography tech to distinguish fat and lean body tissue, measures bone mineral density, risk for osteoporosis

4. BIA: measures resistance to flow of an insensible electric current through body

5. skinfold assessment: measures subcutaneous fat

gold standard: underwater weighing & DEXA

Weight loss issues for athletes in weight classification sports (wrestling, martial arts, boxing, rowing)

• athletes try to compete in weight class lower than their typical body weight to get a competitive edge

• they struggle w/ weight during season and may use drastic measures to cut weight

• may perform self-induced dehydration and starvation to reach certain predetermined weight (excessive exercise, saunas, fluid restriction, spitting)

What is the female athlete triad? What three components are typically seen?

A group of three interrelated conditions, typically diagnosed in young female athletes:

1. disordered eating

2. menstrual irregularities

3. osteopenia/osteoporosis.

positive energy balance

when energy intake is greater than energy expenditure (leads to weight gain)

negative energy balance

when energy expenditure is greater than energy intake (leads to weight loss)

RMR

• minimum amount of energy required to meet the energy demands of the body while at rest

• functions included in: circulation, heartbeat, muscle functions, nervous functions, temp regulation

• 60-70% of total energy expenditure daily

TEA

• The amount of energy required to meet the energy demands of any physical activity

• includes energy costs for skeletal muscle contraction/relaxation and costs to maintain posture/position

TEF

• The increase in energy expenditure associated with food consumption

• digestion and absorption of food intake require energy

• 10% of total daily energy expenditure

anorexia nervosa

• A subclinical condition in which individuals practice inappropriate eating behaviors and weight control methods to prevent weight gain and/or fat increases

• leads to decreased bone density, dehydration, dizziness, fatigue, death

bulimia nervosa

• an individual who binges on larger-than-normal amounts of foods and uses inappropriate compensatory methods to rid themselves of food consumed

• leads to tooth enamel erosion, chronic reflux, heart abnormalities, death

• prevalence is higher than anorexia

binge eating disorder

• characterized by frequent overeating at least one time per week for 3 months

• Episodes of overeating combined with feelings of lack of control and depression/guilt after

General dietary guidelines for various special athletes (specifically the ones from Ch. 15 PPT)

Know CHO, PRO, & FAT recommendations for endurance, strength/power, and team sports

athletes… essentially tell me what differentiates these sports/activities (which energy systems

primarily utilized, importance of macros, CHO before event? CHO during event? CHO after event?

Fluid recommendations, etc. (This will make up various T/F, multiple choice, and short answer

questions)