Studied by 541 people
Based on the study Guide for Psyc 108 UCSD with Professor Adrian.
Attention
The process of selecting information for additional processing
Orienting
Moving attention from one place to another
Overt orientatiion
Attention moves with the eyes or body
Covert orientation
No need for physical movement
Exogenous (bottom-up)
Attention driven by external stimuli
Endogenous (top-down)
Attention driven by our internal goals
Salient
Something that stands out
Inattentional blindness
Failure to notice something because focus is elsewhere
Change blindness
Failure to notice differences from the now to earlier
Spatial Attention
Focus on a region in an area
Feature Based Attention
Focus on a specific object
Dorsal System
LIP and FEF
Ventral System
TPJ and VFC
LIP and FEF role
Eye control and multisensory salience map
TPJ and VFC role
Interrupts cognitive attention
Endogenous visual cues
Increase in dorsal activity but decrease in ventral activity
Exogenous unexpected cues
Increase in dorsal activity and increase in ventral activity
Pseudo-neglect
Focus more on the left side of space due to right hemisphere bias
What is the right hemisphere more dominant in?
Attends;
What is the left hemisphere more dominant in?
Diverts more for feature-based attention
Feature Integration Theory
Basic features are coded in parallel, where we pay attention, different features are binded together
Early Model
Filter begins after perceptual analysis
Late model
Filter begins after semantic analysis
What is the general selection model of attention?
Low level perception —> perceptual analysis —> semantic analysis —> output
Hemispatial negelct
Lesion to the brain causes low level processing of environment opposite of the hemisphere the lesion is. Therefore, they cannot access information from sight.
Short term Memory
limited memory that is currently on the mind
Long term Memory
unlimited memory that is not always consciously accessible
Declarative/Explicit Memory
Memory you are aware of that you can consciously recall
Explicit region
medial temporal lobe
Types of Declarative Memory
episodic memory and semantic memory
Episodic Memory
memory of past events
Semantic Memory
memory of facts and details
Non-declarative and Implicit Memory
unconscious memories you are unaware of
Implicit Region
basal ganglia
Types of Non-declarative memory
procedural memory: skills, conditioned responses, and perceptual memory
Retrograde Amnesia
forget memories from before injury
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form memories after the injury
Memory Consolidation
how moment to moment changes in brain activity are translated into permanent brain structure
Ribot’s Law
when earlier events are easier to recall than more recent events in amnesia due to consolidation resulting in old episodic memories becoming semantic memories
According to Ribot’s Law, what regions of the brain are more active for which type of explicit memories?
medial temporal lobe for more recent episodic memories (temporary memory), cortex for older semantic memories (long-term store)
Subsequent Memory Effect
Increasing stimuli in consolidated pathways, or repetition, strengthens or modifies built pathways
Why did Patient HM get his medial temporal lobe, including parts of his hippocampus, removed in surgery?
He attempted to recover from epilepsy
What did HM’s lesion result in?
Anterograde Amnesia
What did he lose, what does he still have?
Lost explicit memory, kept implicit memory
What are the three steps for consolidation of memory?
Selective item consolidation, item integration, and multi-item integration
Selective Item Consolidation
sleep filters out some memories for remembering and some for not
Item Integration
selected things are assigned to groups of previous information
Multi-item integration
items are semantically categorized
What are examples of some semantic categories?
gist extraction, rule extrapolation, and identifying false memories
Phoneme
smallest unit of sound that differentiates meaning, like “tree”
Morpheme
smallest unit of sound with its own meaning, like the s signifying multiple in “trees”
Aspects of language
comprehension, repetition, and production
Broca’s Aphasia
damage to posterior inferior frontal gyrus causes difficulty in finding the right words due to aggramaticism, or problems with articles and affixes, and apraxia of speech.
Wernick’s Aphasia
very poor comprehension leads to effortless word-vomit of meaningless sentences, or word salad due to damage in the superior temporal gyrus.
Conduction Aphasia
Good comprehension but intermediate production of words and poor repetition.
Global Aphasia
Damage to all three aspects of language
Foreign Accent Syndrome
People’s accent change from normal due to damage to the anterior central sulcus
N400 test shows ___
prediction theory is correct because the brain reacts to words more if they are inappropriate to the context of the sentence
Prediction theory
we predict the next word as we read
Integration theory
we passively integrate words
Literacy
the ability to read and write
Grapheme
the smallest meaningful unit of written language, like tree
Word superiority effect
we recognize letters faster when they are in a word that makes sense
Visual lexicon
internalized knowledge of word properties; the structure of known written words
Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)
the expert area in the fusiform gyrus (left if right handed, right if left handed)
What does expert area mean for VWFA?
The VWFA is meant to recognize faces as well as words, but with more experience with writing it reacts almost exclusively to word stimulus
Lexical Semantic Route
we get pronunciation of words by recalling semantic memory of the reading the word before
Lexical Semantic Region
uses the Anterior Temporal Lobe
Grapheme-Phoneme Conversion Route
we get pronunciation of word by our learned common pronunciations
Grapheme-Phoneme Region
inferior frontal gyrus
Surface Dyslexia
cannot use the lexical semantic route for pronunciation
How do people with surface dyslexia say common words?
They say words like it is spelled
Phonological dyslexia
Cannot use the grapheme-phoneme conversion route for pronunciation
How do people with phonological dyslexia read non-words?
They say known words that are closest to the misspelling
Central dyslexia
Can compute the word but then some process before pronunciation goes wrong
Pure Alexia
Difficulty in reading words due to damage in parallel processing
Parallel processing
we read an entire word as a group of letters instead of reading individual letters
Peripheral Dyslexia
Words cannot even be processed
Developmental Dyslexia
Less activation of the VWFA, not caused by a lesion, results in a mix of problems that is hard to identify
Note 
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