AP Bio vocab unit 1 topic 1-3

Cation

Postive ion

Anion

negative ion

covalent bond

when two or more atoms share electrons (usually between two nonmetals)

Octet rule

elements will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their valence shell and become stable (like noble gases)

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Electrons are shared equally between two atoms (O2)

Polar covalent

Electrons are NOT shared equally between two atoms.

Ionic bonds

The attraction between oppositely charged atoms (ions) (Usually between a metal and nonmetal)

Hydrogen bonds

the partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent molecule. (strongest type of INTERmolecular force)

INTERmolecular bond

bond that forms BETWEEN molecules

Example of Hydrogen Bonding

hydrogen bonds between water molecules (due to the Hydrogen being partly positive and the oxygen being partly negative

Polarity

unequal sharing of the electrons make water a polar molecule

Cohesion

water’s ability to stick to itself (other H2O molecules)

Adhesion

water’s ability to stick to other molecules

Capillary Action

the upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion,and surface tension

High Specific Heat

H2O resists changes in temperature

Evaporative Cooling

water has a high heat of vaporization

Density (floating ice)

as water solidifies, it expands and becomes less dense

Solvent

dissolving agent in a solution (Water is a versatile solvent)

Qualitative data

observations with senses (photo)

Quantitative

measured using instruments (numbers)

Inductive reasoning

derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations

Deductive reasoning

specific results are derived from general premises

null hypothesis

has no affect (H0)

alternative hypotheses

has an affect (H1, H2, etc)

Scientific Law

Statement of fact usually as a mathematical formula

Theory

Summarizes a group of hypotheses usually no math formula.

CHOPN

Carbon,Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen most important elements for life (all covalent bonds)

Organic chemistry

the study of compounds with covalently bonded carbon

Organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

INTRAmolecular bond

bonds that form BETWEEN molecules

Hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

Carbon chains form the…

skeletons of most organic molecules

Functional groups

chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions

aromatic

ring

Hydroxyl group

OH

Carbonyl group

C-O (double bonded)

Carboxyl group

COOH

Amino group

NH2

Sulfhydryl group

SH

Methyl group

C with H above, right and below it.

Phosphate group

OPO3 (2-)

Four classes of macromolecules (molecules made of smaller subunits):

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, and Lipids

Polymers

chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units that are covalently bonded together

Monomers

the repeating units that make up polymers

Dehydration reaction

bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O (A+B→AB + H2O) (Gluose + Fructose = sucrose +H2O)

Hydrolysis

breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding H2O (AB + H2O → A+B) (Sucrose + water → glucose + fructose)

Independent Variable

The variable that YOU change (one factor only)

Dependent Variable

The variable that you measure or that is affected by the independent

Constants

A constant is something that does not change throughout the experiment

Control Group

group that does not receive the treatment in an experiment and is used for comparison

Experimental group

The group that receives the treatment or independent variable in an experiment, and whose results are measured and compared to the control group.

ATP

The energy that the mitadrochochra creates through cellular respiration.

Macromolecule

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Electronegativity

the measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons to itself

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.

Compound

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

acid

has pH of 0-7

base

has pH of 7-14

Valence electrons

the electrons in the outermost shell, or energy level, of an atom

molecule

a group of atoms bonded together

Solute

dissolves in solvent

Solution

a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).