Piaget

Orderly

Referring to a logical sequence necessary for change in knowledge.

Cumulative

Indicating that knowledge includes all previous understanding plus new information.

Directional

Describing the movement towards greater complexity in knowledge.

Genetic Epistemology

A developmental theory of knowledge focusing on how knowledge develops, not inherited.

Assimilation

The process of integrating new experiences into existing cognitive schemas.

Equilibrium

A state of balance between the mind's structures and the external world.

Disequilibrium

A state of doubt or challenge to existing knowledge or theory.

Accommodation

Altering schemas when new experiences do not fit existing knowledge.

Organization

The predisposition to combine simple mental structures into more complex systems.

Adaption

The constant adjustment of cognitive structures to effectively interact with the environment.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first development stage (0-2 years) where knowledge is gained through senses and motor actions.

Preoperational Stage

The second development stage (2-7 years) characterized by symbolic thought and egocentric thinking.

Concrete Operational Period

Piaget's third stage (7-11 years) where logical reasoning about concrete situations develops.

Formal Operations

Piaget's fourth stage (11 years onward) involving abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Systematic and logical reasoning about ideas proposed in hypothetical situations.

Decalage

A term used to describe uneven cognitive abilities across different tasks.

Metacognition

The ability to think about one's own thinking processes.

Centration

Focusing on one aspect of a situation while neglecting others.

Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains constant despite changes in shape or appearance.

Egocentric

Viewing the world solely from one's own perspective.

Reversibility

The understanding that actions can be reversed to return to the original state.

Symbolisation

The capacity to use symbols, allowing for pretend play and language development.

Transformation of Knowledge

1. Orderly

2. Cumulative

3. Directional

Schema Stages

1. Assimilation

2. Equilibrium

3. Disequilibrium

4. Accommodation

What is the sensorimotor stage age group?

0-2 years old

What are the substages of sensorimotor stage?

1. Reflexive schemas

2. Primary circular reactions

3. Secondary circular reactions

4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions

5. Tertiary circular reactions

6. Mental representation

What develops during the sensorimotor stage?

Mental representation (precursor to language)

What age range is the Preoperational Stage?

2 – 7 years

What develops during the preoperational stage?

The ability to use mental representation to think about the world

Development of symbolic thought (pretend play, language)

Develop a clear understanding of past and future

When does concrete operational period occur?

7 – 11 years

What develops during the concrete operational period?

Logical thinking, understanding of reversibility, and less egocentrism.

Horizontal Decalage

Uneven cognitive development across tasks requiring different levels of abstraction.

When does formal operations occur?

11 years +

What develops during the formal operations?

Abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and systematic problem solving.

Formal logic

Combined system of operations

Metacognition

The ability to think about thinking

Decalage

Uneven cognitive abilities