unit 1: historical background taxonomy

Microbiology

Systematic study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye

Girolamo Fracastoro

### History

* Proposed the so-called **Germ Theory**
* diseases are caused by __microorganisms/germs__
* suggested disease is caused by **“invisible living creatures”**

Syphilis sive morbus gallicus

### History - *Girolamo Fracastoro*

poem on the “origin of syphilis”

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

### History

Father of **Protozoology and Bacteriology**

“animalcules”

### History - *Leeuwenhoek*

1st person to observe and describe microorganisms and called them as ___

“cavorting specimen” (**wee beasties**)

### History - *Leeuwenhoek*

his own semen (bruh)

Louis Pasteur

### History

Father of **Modern Microbiology**

Pasteurization

### History - *Pasteur*

process of **extending the shelf life** of packaged and non-packaged food (milk & fruit juices) by applying mild heat

Spontaneous Generation Theory

### History - *Pasteur*

\[DISPROVEN\] “Living organisms are derived from nonliving organisms”

Biogenesis

### History - *Pasteur*

A living organism is derived from another living organism

Attenuated (weakened) Vaccines

### History - *Pasteur*

weakened virus by heat or aging

Fermentation

### History - *Pasteur*

**chemical breakdown of substances using yeast** which will result to __effervescence (bubbles) and heat production__

Joseph Lister

### History

developed the **antiseptic** system of surgery

carbolic acid/phenol

### History - *Lister*

antiseptic used

bacteriostatic

### History - *Lister*

0\.1 to 1% of phenol/carbolic acid

bactericidal

### History - *Lister*

1-2% phenol/carbolic acid

Robert Koch

### History

* Postulates
* Discovery of *Bacillus anthracis* and *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*
* Culture of bacteria using media
* Use of **agar and petri dish** in cultivating bacteria

Paul Ehrlich

### History

discovered **salvarsan** to treat syphilis

* synthetic preparation of **arsenic**

Alexander Fleming

### History

* discovered **penicillin**

Taxonomy

An area of science that deals with the study of 3 distinct but interrelated disciplines (**classification, nomenclature, ID/identification**)

Polyphasic Taxonomy

Taxonomy based on **Genotype, Phenotype, Phylogenetics**

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrophotometry

MALDI-TOF MS

Carolus Linnaeus

### Taxonomy

Father of Taxonomy

Robert Whittaker

### Taxonomy

* Basis: **cellular organism and nutritional pattern**
* 5 Kingdom System
* Monera/prokaryotae
* Fungi
* Protistae
* Animalia
* Plantae

Carl Woese

### Taxonomy

* Basis: **cellular organization and function**
* 3 Domain System
* Bacteria (prokaryotic)
* Eukaria (more complex organelles)
* Archaea (extremophiles)

1. DOMAIN
2. KINGDOM
3. DIVISION or Phylum
4. CLASS
5. ORDER
6. FAMILY
7. TRIBE
8. GENUS
9. SPECIES (EPITHET)
10. SUBSPECIES

### Taxonomy

Hierarchy

Strains

### Taxonomy - *Subspecies*

organism population that is differentiated from populations within species

Biovars

### Taxonomy - *Subspecies*

variant prokaryotic strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences

Serovars

### Taxonomy - *Subspecies*

variation in serological reactions; strains with distinctive antigenic properties

\-aceae

### Taxonomy - *Nomenclature*

Family

\-ales

### Taxonomy - *Nomenclature*

Order

\-eae

### Taxonomy - *Nomenclature*

Tribe