chapter 3 boiii

word Equation for aerobic respiration

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Balance chemical equation for aerobic respiraation

C6H12C6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + 38ATP

where does krebs cycle occur

mitochondria

How much ATP made in krebs cyle

2

how much ATP is made in

oxidative phosphorylation

32

How much ATP is made in glycosis

2

stages of aeroobic respiration

glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

structure of ATP

a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups

define metabolism

Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms

what is anabolism

synthesis of complex molecules in living __organisms__ from __simpler__ ones together with the storage of energy; __constructive__ metabolism.

what is a substrate

the substance on which an __enzyme__ acts

what is catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules in living __organisms__ to form __simpler__ ones, together with the release of energy; __destructive__ metabolism.

example of catabolism

Catabolism occurs when you're digesting food. For example, it's the process that dissolves a piece of bread into simple nutrients your body can use, like glucose (blood sugar)

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also the breakdown of proteins into amino acids, glycogen into glucose, and triglycerides into fatty acids.

example of anabolism

Bone development and mineralization, as well as muscle mass gain, are examples of anabolism.

inorganic substance importance for cell + define

they are compounds that arent based on carbon chain and most dont contain carbon atams, most are small molecules, these include minerals and water beacause they dont have carbon, used as catalysts, pigments, coatings, surfactants, medicines, fuels

organic substance importance for cell + define

molecules that contain a carbon chain, also contain a number of hydrogen atams and can include oxygen, nitrogen and sulfer , like carbs, vitiamins, protiens and lipids

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essential because they contain carbon in all living organisms

what is nutrience

A source of nourishment, such as food, that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.

decribe composition of carbohyrdates

C6H1206

what is monosaccharides carbs

Monosaccharides, also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units from which all carbohydrates are built

what is disaccharides carbs

A disaccharide is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined

what are polysaccharides

long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides.

composition of lipids

essential component of the cell membrane. The structure is typically made of a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a phosphate group (hydrophilic)

triglycerides formation

Triglycerides are composed of a glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids

what is he composition of proteins, including the reactions leading to the formation of peptides, dipeptides and polypeptides, including peptide bond

polypeptide backbone with attached side chains. Each type of protein differs in its sequence and number of amino acids

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peptides proteins: short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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diepeptide proteins: a molecule that consists of two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond.

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polypeptide protein: A substance that contains many amino acids

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what is a peptide bond?limks amino acids

difference between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary protien structures

 

primary structure: the sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain

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secondary: regular, local structure of the protein backbone, stabilised by intramolecular and sometimes intermolecular hydrogen bonding of amide groups. a helix b alpha

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tertiary: the overall three-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain in space.

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quaternary: the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement

decribe structural and functional properties of enzymes

structures: Enzymes are proteins comprised of amino acids linked together in one or more polypeptide chains. three-dimensional structure

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properties: increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being consumed or permanently altered by the reaction. Natural catalysts

induced fit model vs lock in key

lock and key model states that the active site of an enzyme precisely fits a specific substrate. The induced fit model states that the active site of an enzyme will undergo a conformational change when binding a substrate, to improve the fit.

use of atp

ATP is consumed for energy in processes including ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, substrate phosphorylation, and chemical synthesis

what is ADP

last phosphate in ATP (ADP + Pi = ATP)

steps involved in cellular respiration

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

contrast aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration,

anarobic aerobic

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describe aerobic respiration

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).,

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1 glycose goes through glycolisis in the cytoplasm and gets converted to pyvurate ( a co enzyme) which produces 2 atp

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if there is ozygen then the pyvurate will go onto aerobic respiration in the mitochondria to the link reaction

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then from there coA and coA (pryvurate) will go through the krebs cycle letting CO2 easte and that produces 2 atp, then it will go through oxidative phosphorylation.

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that produces 34 atp

when will aerobic respiration occur

light exercise as oxygen is able to be taken in

when will anarobic respiration occur

intense exercise where you cannot take much oxygen in (like sprinting)

things that effect the rate of reaction with enzymes

enzyme conc, substrate conc, temperature, pH, cofactors, coenzymes and inhibitors

how to calculate rate of reaction

how much product produced/ time it took

how does enzyme conc, substrate conc, temperature, pH, cofactors, coenzymes and inhibitors effect rate of reaction

enzyme concentration = higher enzyme conc, means more enzyme activity and enzymes using all the substrates, this happens up to a point then the enzyne levels pleateau cause not enough substrats /-

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Substrate conc - more substrates = high enzyme activity because more substrates but then theres not enough so enzymes level pleateay /-

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PH = if ph is too high or too low the enzyme will lose its shape (denatured) so they can no longer lock to form substrate complexes and ezyme activity drops /\\

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what is a cofactor

change the shape of activiation site so that enzyme can combine with substrate

what is a coenzyme

no protien organic moleculte like vitiams that change the shape of an activiation site