NUTR 121 Exam #2

Exam 2 covers protein, weight control, micronutrients, fluid and electrolyte balance, nutrients involved in body defenses, and nutrients involved in bone health. Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.

amino acids

amino acids

basic building blocks of protein

essential amino acid

an amino acid that is required by animals but that they cannot synthesize; must be supplied in the diet

foods that provide all of the essential amino acids

beef, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, soy, quinoa, and buckwheat.

limiting amino acids

an essential amino acid that is present in a certain food in the lowest amount, which prevents protein synthesis in the body beyond the rate at which that amino acid is available.

BCAA

an amino acid having an aliphatic side-chain with a branch.

importance of BCAA's

shown to build muscle, decrease muscle fatigue and alleviate muscle soreness.

pepsin

Enzyme that digests protein in the stomach

0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight

Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein (grams) for nearly all adults

factors associated with the development of obesity

poor diets; too much television watching; too little physical activity and sleep; and our food and physical activity environment.

outline he risks to health posed by being overweight or obese

diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers

sound weight loss program

adequacy, balance, calorie control, moderation, and variety

micronutrient

a substance needed only in small amounts for normal body function

vitamin

any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism

mineral

solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition

fat soluble vitamin

absorbed along with fats in the diet and are stored in the body's fatty tissue and in the liver. They are found in many plant and animal foods and in dietary supplements. Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

water soluble vitamin

vitamins such as folate, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 -- and vitamin C. Deficiency of any of these vitamins results in a clinical syndrome that may result in severe morbidity and mortality.

Sodium and potassium role in fluid balance

helps the body keep fluids in a normal balance

blood pressure

is positively associated with higher sodium, alcohol, and protein intakes; it is inversely associated with potassium, calcium, and magnesium intakes.

functions of water in the body

Regulates body temperature. Moistens tissues in the eyes, nose and mouth. Protects body organs and tissues. Carries nutrients and oxygen to cells. Lubricates joints. Lessens burden on the kidneys and liver by flushing out waste products.

a control mechanism that regulates water intake and output

a system called osmoregulation. About 10 liters of water per day are distributed throughout the organs through this mechanism. And when the body can balance water output with water input, the cells can achieve a healthy state of homeostasis.

health consequences of dehydration

seizures, swelling of the brain, kidney failure, shock, coma and even death.

percentage of your body that is water

60%

antioxidant

substance that inhibits oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides

antioxidants' function to neutralize free radicals

They do this by giving up some of their own electrons. In making this sacrifice, they act as a natural "off" switch for the free radicals. This helps break a chain reaction that can affect other molecules in the cell and other cells in the body

fruits and vegetables

can lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, prevent some types of cancer, lower risk of eye and digestive problems, and have a positive effect upon blood sugar, which can help keep appetite in check.

calciums role in bone health

provides the skeleton strength and structure, making the bone a metabolic reservoir to maintain the intra- and extra-cellular calcium pool.

vitamin d

a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets

hormonal, lifestyle, and nutritional factors that influence bone health

The amount of calcium in your diet. A diet low in calcium contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of fractures. Physical activity. Tobacco and alcohol use. Sex. Size. Age. Race and family history. Hormone levels.

vitamin d synthesis

the reaction of 7-dehydrocholesterol with UVB radiation, present in sunlight with an UV index of three or more.

vitamin D's affect on blood calcium levels

when the level of the vitamin is low, the absorption of calcium in the intestines becomes less, which then causes the level of calcium in the blood to go down.