Matter in Our Surroundings - Vocabulary Flashcards (Video Notes)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the video notes on matter, its classification, states, and phase changes.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space; all substances around us are made of matter and are composed of tiny particles.

Particle

A tiny unit of matter that occupies space and has mass; particles are in constant motion and make up all matter.

Panch Tatva

Ancient Indian concept naming five basic elements: air, earth, fire, sky (aether), and water.

Diffusion

Process by which particles spread from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration due to random motion.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.

Solute

Substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution (e.g., salt in water).

Solvent

Substance in which a solute dissolves to form a solution (e.g., water).

State of matter

The physical form of matter: solid, liquid, or gas, depending on particle arrangement and energy.

Solid

State with definite shape and volume; particles are tightly held, rigid, and have negligible compressibility.

Liquid

State with definite volume but no fixed shape; flows and takes the shape of its container; particles are less tightly held than in a solid.

Gas

State with neither fixed shape nor fixed volume; fills the container; highly compressible and diffuses rapidly.

Melting point

Temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid at a given pressure (usually 1 atm).

Fusion

The process of melting; solid changes to liquid at its melting point.

Boiling point

Temperature at which a liquid changes to gas throughout the liquid at atmospheric pressure.

Evaporation

Slow change of a liquid to gas at temperatures below the boiling point; occurs at the surface; rate depends on surface area, temperature, humidity, and wind; causes cooling.

Latent heat of fusion

Heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into a liquid at the melting point without a temperature change.

Latent heat of vaporization

Heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid into a gas at its boiling point without a temperature change.

Sublimation

Phase change from solid directly to gas without passing through the liquid phase.

Deposition

Phase change from gas directly to solid without passing through the liquid phase.

Diffusion rate

Speed at which particles diffuse; fastest in gases, slower in liquids, slowest in solids; increases with temperature.

Pressure

Force per unit area; measured in pascals (Pa); atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 1 atm (1.01 × 10^5 Pa).

Temperature

Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles; higher temperature means faster particle motion.

Kelvin

SI unit of temperature; 0 K is absolute zero; relation: K = °C + 273.15 (0°C ≈ 273 K).

Density

Mass per unit volume; SI unit kg/m^3; determines how heavy a material is for its size.

Volume

Space occupied by a substance; SI unit m^3; common unit L; 1 L = 1 dm^3; 1 mL = 1 cm^3.

Mass

Amount of matter in an object; SI unit kilogram (kg).

Surface area effect on evaporation

Larger surface area increases the rate of evaporation because more liquid is exposed to air.

Inter-particle space

The space between particles that allows diffusion and mixing of substances.

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion; rises with temperature, causing faster particle movement and influencing phase changes and diffusion.