MTSU Cell and Molecular Biology Exam 1 Study Guide

Which of the following is an archaeon?

A) E.coli

B) Dictyostelium

C) Trypanosoma

D) Haloferax

D) Haloferax

How many genes are thought to be in the human genome?

A) 3,000

B) 30,000

C) 300,000

D) 3,000,000

B) 30,000

Which of the following model organisms contains a precise number of cells in the adult form (~1000)?

A) C.elegans

B) Arabidopsis

C) Zebrafish

D) Drosophila

A) C.elegans

Which of the following is not one of the main elements found in cells?

A) Sodium (Na)

B) Nitrogen (N)

C) Lithium (Li)

D) Iodine (I)

C) Lithium (Li)

Noncovalent interactions underlie which of the following?

A) DNA base pairing

B) Protein folding

C) Protein-protein interactions

D) All of the above

D) All of the above

What is the group carried by the activated carrier S-adenosylmethionine?

A) Methyl group

B) Carboxyl group

C) Electrons and hydrogen

D) Phosphate

A) Methyl group

What is the relationship between the mass of fuel molecules utilized by the cell and the mass of molecules created by anabolism?

A) These masses should be equal

B) The mass of fuel molecules will be greater

C) The mass of synthesized molecules will be greater

A) These masses should be equal

'F' is the single letter code for which amino acid?

A) Tryptophan

B) Proline

C) Phenylalanine

D) Glutamine

C) Phenylalanine

How many amino acids are coded for in the genetic code?

A) 17

B) 18

C) 19

D) 20

D) 20

True or False: Disordered regions of a protein will typically contain hydrophobic, uncharged amino acids.

A) True

B) False

B) False

Which of the following PTMs target proteins for proteasomal degradation?

A) Monoubiquitination

B) Multiubiquitination

C) K48 polyubiquitination

D) K63 polyubiquitination

C) K48 polyubiquitination

Which of the following amino acids can be phosphorylated (select 2)?

A) Serine

B) Tyrosine

C) Glycine

D) Alanine

A) Serine and B) Tyrosine

If human DNA contains 20% C on a molar basis, what portion is T?

A) 40%

B) 30%

C) 20%

D) 10%

B) 30%

Each human chromosome contains...

A) 1 centromere, 1 telomere, 1 origin of replication

B) 1 centromere, 2 telomere, 1 origin of replication

C) 2 centromere, 2 telomere, 1 origin of replication

D) 1 centromere, 2 telomere, many origins of replication

D) 1 centromere, 2 telomere, many origins of replication

What portion of each histone protein projects outward from nucleosomes? A) N-terminal tail

B) A central domain

C) C-terminal tail

D) No portion of histones project out from the nucleosome

A) N-terminal tail

Which of the following removes acetyl groups from histone tails?

A) HDMs

B) HMTs

C) HATs

D) HDACs

D) HDACs

Which of the following is not a component of histone octamers?

A) H1

B) H2A

C) H2B

D) H3

E) H4

A) H1

True or false: DNA polymerases synthesize DNA in the 3'-to-5' direction on the lagging strand?

A) True

B) False

B) False

What is DNA primase?

A) A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

B) A RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

C) A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

D) A RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

C) A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers on the lagging strand?

A) DNA ligase

B) RNAse H

C) RNAse A

D) RPA

B) RNAse H

Which of the following enzymes does not have to hydrolyze ATP in order to perform its function?

A) Topoisomerase I

B) DNA helicase

C) DNA ligase

D) Clamp loader

A) Topoisomerase I

When two bidirectional replication forks from adjacent origins meet, a leading strand always runs into a lagging strand?

A) True

B) False

A) True

Which of the following DNA lesions is an example of hydrolysis?

A) Depurination

B) 7-Methylguanine

C) ring-saturated pyrimidines

D) 8-oxo G

A) Depurination

True or false: Spontaneous depurination and the removal of a deaminated C by uracil DNA glycosylase leave identical substrates, which are recognized by AP endonucleases?

A) True

B) False

A) True

True or false: The DNA repair enzymes that correct damage introduced by deamination and depurination must preferentially recognize such defects on newly synthesized DNA strands

A) True

B) False

B) False

Noncovalent interactions underlie which of the following?

A) DNA base pairing

B) Protein folding

C) Protein-protein interactions

D) All of the above

D) All of the above

To which domain does Haloferax belong?

Archaea

To which domain does Trypanosoma belong?

Eukaryotes

To which domain does Dictyostelium belong?

Eukaryotes

To which domain does E.coli belong?

Bacteria

To which domain does Methanothermobacter belong?

Archaea

What is the major use of E.coli as a model organism?

serves as a simple model prokaryote

What is the major use of Yeast as a model organism?

serves as a minimal model eukaryote

What is the major use of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism?

it is the most commonly used plant model

What is the major use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism?

is a commonly used genetic model to study development and other processes

What is the major use of Danio rerioas a model organism?

commonly used as a vertebrate model of development

How large is the human genome (in nucleotide pairs)?

3,200 x 10^6 BP or

How many genes are in the human genome?

~30,000

What tends to be larger, introns or exons?

Introns

What are the minimum number of genes required for a viable (prokaryotic) cell?

~300

Identify the following type of chemical bond from the description

Their strength does not decrease in water

Covalent bonds

Identify the following type of chemical bond from the description

involves the clustering of non-polar groups so that they minimally disrupt the hydrogen bonding of surrounding water molecules

Hydrophobic forces

Identify the following type of chemical bond from the description

Very strong in a vacuum but weak in water

Ionic bonds

Name the activated carrier and the groups they carry

Name: ATP

Group Pi (phosphate)

What groups does NADH carry

Electrons and hydrogens

What group is carried by Acetyl CoA

Acetyl group

What group is carried by S-Adenosylmethionine

Methyl group

Go back and put amino acid structures and questions on quizlet

we can be tested on any of the 20

Put stuff from slide 20 on here

(Post translational modifications via lys63 and lys48)

What is the function of histone H1?

Compacting chromatin

What is the function of histone H2Ax?

Marking the sites of DNA double strand breaks

Which region of histone proteins project out from the nucleosomes?

N-terminal tails

Modifications of histones that have biology meaning constitute a

histone code

What do we call the DNA clamp in mammalian cells?

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)

What are SSBs?

Single-stranded binding proteins

What is the function of DNA primase?

Production of RNA primers (DNA-dependent RNA synthesis)

Which component of the replication fork has six identical subunits, has ATPase activity and functions as a molecular motor?

DNA Helicase

What non-protein component does telomerase carry with it to help it do its job?

An RNA template

What types of cells would you expect to retain high telomerase activity in adults?

Stem cells (e.g. hematopoietic stem cells)

What do we call the looped DNA structure formed by telomeres?

t-loops

What mechanism repairs errors in newly synthesized DNA and requires MutS and MutL proteins?

Strand directed mismatch repair

What method is used by cells that have just replicated their DNA to flawlessly repair DNA double strand breaks?

Homologous recombination

What type of enzyme removes damaged bases and leaves the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone intact?

DNA glycosylases

Which of the following is frequently used as a model to study vertebrate development?

A) Caenorhabditis elegans

B) Drosophila melanogaster

C) Danio rerio

D) Saccharomyces cerevisiae

C) Danio rerio (zebrafish)

The living world can be divided into three domains, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. To which of these does the slime mold Dictyostelium, belong

A) Bacteria

B) Archaea

C) Eukaryotes

C) Eukaryotes

Which of the following chemical bonds is equally strong in a vacuum and in water?

A) Covalent

B) Ionic

C) Hydrogen

A) Covalent

Which of the following could be described as an activated carrier?

A) Pyruvate

B) ATP

C) Glucose

D) Arachidonic acid

B) ATP

What group is carried on a high-energy linkage by the activated carrier, S-adenosylmethionine?

A) Phosphate

B) Glucose

C) Methyl group

D) Electrons and hydrogens

E) Acetyl group

C) Methyl group

Which combination of 4 elements make up 99% of the total number of atoms in the human body?

A) C, H, P, and O

B) C, H, P, and S

C) C, H, Fe, and O

D) C, H, N, and O

D)

Identify the amino acid in the picture to the right (Hint: it is one of the amino acids in proteins that is frequently phosphorylated)?

Identify the amino acid in the picture to the right (Hint: it is one of the amino acids in proteins that is frequently phosphorylated)?

B)

Which of the following amino acids is nonpolar?

A) Alanine

B) Aspartic acid

C) Glutamic acid

D) Serine

A) Alanine

The overall fold of an individual protein is called the...

A) A domain

B) Primary structure

C) Secondary structure

D) Tertiary structure

E) Quaternary structure

D) Tertiary structure

What type of histone binds nucleosomes at a 1:1 ratio and has a role in compacting chromatin?

A) H1

B) H2A

C) H2B

D) H3

E) H4

A) H1

What do we call enzymes that acetylate histones?

A) HATs

B) HDACs

C)HMTs

D) HDMs

A) HATs (histone acetyltransferases)

Which of the following enzymes seals 'nicks' in the DNA backbone during DNA replication?

A) DNA ligase

B) DNA clamp loader

C) DNA helicase

D) Topoisomerase II

A) DNA ligase

What is the name of the frog used to study eukaryotic development

Xenopus laevis

The activated carrier ATP carries what group in a high energy linkage

Phosphate

The activated carriers NADH, NADPH, and FAH2 carry what group in a high energy linkage

Electrons and Hydrogens

The activated carrier Acetyl CoA carries what group in a high energy linkage

Acetyl

The activated carrier Carboxylated biotin carries what group in a high energy linkage

Carboxyl group

The activated carrier S-Adenosylmethionine carries what group in a high energy linkage

Methyl group

The activated carrier Uridine diphosphate glucose carries what group in a high energy linkage

Glucose

Oxidation and reduction involves

electron transfer

Ways electron oxidation and reduction could occur include

The loss/gain of electrons

(Ionization)

A loss/gain of protons

(Dehydrogenation/hydrogenation)

The loss of gain of electron density