Memory

encoding

encoding

getting information into brain

storage

retaining the information

retrieval

getting information out

prospective memories

memories for something you need to do

explicit memories

declarative; effortful processing

episodic

memory of everyday eventsfa

semantic

facts

implicit memories

nondeclarative; automatic processing

procedural

actions and skills

conditioning

creating associations with a previously neutral stimulus

space/time/frequency

space, time, frequency

rehearsal

repetition

chunking

grouping

mnemonics

acronyms, songs, imagery, rhymes, etc.

hierarchies

hierarchal arrangement of concepts

deep processing

making personally meaningful connections

acoustic → imagery → semantic

shallow processing

structure or appearance, rote repetition

distributed practice

space out learning so more information will be retained

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

retention of information rapidly declined

recall

retrieving information with effort

recognition

identifying answer among choices

relearning

learning 2nd time is quicker than 1st time

priming

unconscious associations that help retrieve memories

context dependent memory

easier to retrieve information when in the same place as where it was learned

state congruent memory

easier to retrieve information if in same state of consciousness as when it was learned

mood congruent memory

easier to recall memories consistent with current mood

serial position effect

tendency to recall first and last items from a list (middle items tend to be forgotten)

primacy effect

items recalled later → tend to remember first items best

recency effect

items recalled immediately → tend to remember last items best

spacing effect

distributed practice is better than cramming

failure to encode

sensory memory, short term/working memory

failure to retrieve

long term memory

decay

physical phenomenon when you don’t use memory for a long term

proactive interference

first interferes with second

retroactive interference

second interferes with first

freud

motivated forgetting

false/constructed memories

memory of event that did not happen/incorrect details

infantile amnesia

generally don’t have memories before 3 years old

anterograde amnesia

can’t remember new events

retrograde amnesia

can’t remember old memories

hippocampus

explicit memories

cerebellum

implicit memory formation (conditioning)

basal ganglia

implicit memories (procedural)

amygdala

involved in encoding flashbulb memories

flashbulb memories

clear memory of surprising, consequential, or biologically significant eent

long-term potentiation

biological basis of long term memory foundation