Chapter 26- Bacteria and Archaea

Microbiology

Microbiology

________ is the study of organisms at can be seen only with the aid of a microscope.

Chemoorganotrophs

________ " (chemical- carbon- feeders) "oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy, such as sugars.

Chemolithotrophs

________ " (chemical- rock- feeders) "oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy, such as ammonia (NH3) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Biofilms

________ are dense bacterial colonies enmeshed in a polysaccharide- rich matrix that helps shield the bacteria from antibiotics.

Cyanobacteria

________ is a lineage of photosynthetic bacteria.

cellular respiration

During ________ in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, enzymes strip electrons from organic molecules that have high potential energy and then transfer these high- energy electrons to the electron carriers NADH and FADH2.

Transduction

________- when viruses pick up DNA from one prokaryotic cell and transfer it to another cell.

Antibiotics

________ are molecules that kill bacteria or stop them from growing.

Conjugation

________- when genetic information is transferred by direct cell- to cell contact.

Phototrophs

________ " (light- feeders) "use light energy to excite electrons.

Endospores

________ are tough, thick- walled, dormant structures formed during times of environmental stress, often in response to a lack of nutrients.

Enrichment cultures

________ are based on establishing a specified set of growing conditions like temperature, lighting, substrate, types of available food, and so on.

Bacteria

________ or archaea that live in high- salt, high- temperature, low temperature, or high- pressure habitats are extremophiles.

Transformation

________- when bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from the environment that has been released by cell lysis or secreted.

Metagenomics

________ is being used to catalog all the genes present in a mixed community of prokaryotes.

molecular level

At the ________, most cells that are Gram- positive have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall with extensive peptidoglycan.

Archaea

Members of the Bacteria and the ________ are remarkably diverse in their overall size, shape, and motility as well as in the composition of their cell walls and plasma membranes.

Autotrophs （ self feeders

________ "） synthesize their own compounds from simple starting materials such as C02 and methane (CH4)

Direct sequencing

________ is a technique based on isolating and sequencing a specific gene from organisms found in a particular habitat.

Heterotrophs （ other feeders

________ "） absorb ready- to- use organic compounds- called building- block compounds- produced by other organisms in their environment.

germ theory of disease

The ________ states that infectious diseases are caused by specific microbes in the body.

Conjugation

________ can also result in genetic recombination.

Bacteria

________ that cause disease are said to be pathogens " (disease- producers)

Through this process, prokaryotes can acquire diverse traits-such as an biotic resistance

that would otherwise not be available when cells divide by binary fission

Instead of using molecules as a source of high-energy electrons, phototrophs pursue a radically different strategy

photophosphorylation