HIST 101 Final Vocabulary Study Guide

A comprehensive set of flashcards ideal for reviewing key historical figures, events, and concepts for the HIST 101 final exam.

Who was Jean de Coras?

A prominent French jurist and judge known for his account of the Martin Guerre identity fraud trial, who died during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572.

What did Nicholas Copernicus propose?

The heliocentric model, placing the sun at the center of the universe and challenging the earth-centered view.

What was Tycho Brahe known for?

Making the most accurate naked-eye astronomical observations in history and challenging the idea of unchanging heavens.

What were Johannes Kepler's contributions to astronomy?

Formulated the three laws of planetary motion, showing that planets move in elliptical orbits.

Why is Galileo Galilei considered the father of modern science?

For his significant telescopic discoveries and his support for heliocentrism.

What is Rene Descartes famous for?

His emphasis on reason and systemic doubt, encapsulated in his quote 'I think, therefore I am'.

Who was James I of England?

The first Stuart monarch, who united Scotland and England in 1603 and commissioned the King James Bible.

What did Charles I of England believe?

In the divine right of kings, leading to conflicts with Parliament and the English Civil Wars.

What was the Glorious Revolution?

The event in 1688 that replaced James II with his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange.

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

An English philosopher known for his work 'Leviathan', arguing that life without government is a brutal struggle.

Who is referred to as the father of liberalism?

John Locke, known for his political theories on natural rights and social contract.

What was Cardinal Richelieu's role?

France's chief minister who centralized power under the monarchy and crushed Huguenot political power.

What characterized Louis XIV's reign in France?

The consolidation of an absolute monarchy and the establishment of a dazzling court at Versailles.

What is mercantilism?

An economic system where a nation's power is dependent on its wealth, gained by exporting more than it imports.

Who were the Habsburgs?

A major European royal dynasty known for ruling a vast empire through strategic marriages.

What did Voltaire advocate for?

Freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and the separation of church and state.

What was the Old Regime?

France's political and social system before the French Revolution, marked by rigid class structure and monarchy.

What was the purpose of the Estates-General of France?

To represent the three social orders: the clergy, nobility, and commoners before the French Revolution.

What is the Tennis Court Oath?

The pledge made in 1789 by representatives of the non-clergy and non-nobles not to disperse until a constitution was established.

What was the significance of the Bastille?

Its storming on July 14, 1789, marked a key event in the French Revolution symbolizing royal tyranny.

Who were the Jacobin Clubs?

A radical political society during the French Revolution advocating for egalitarian democracy and reforms.

What did the Girondins represent during the French Revolution?

A moderate republican faction favoring a decentralized republic and free trade.

Who were the Montagnards?

The most radical left-wing deputies in the National Convention, championing democracy and social equality.

What role did George-Jacques Danton play in the French Revolution?

He was a key leader instrumental in overthrowing the monarchy and establishing the first republic.

What was Maximilien Robespierre known for?

Leading the Reign of Terror as a prominent Jacobin leader during the French Revolution.

What was the Committee of Public Safety?

A powerful revolutionary body formed in 1793, effectively becoming France's executive government during the Reign of Terror.

What was the Terror?

The period of mass executions and arrests of those suspected of opposing the revolutionary government.

What was the Thermidor Plot?

The event leading to the overthrow and execution of Maximilien Robespierre on July 27, 1794.

What was The Directory?

A moderate regime established after the Reign of Terror to restore stability, featuring corruption.

What was the Eighteenth Brumaire?

The coup on November 9, 1799, when Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French government.

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?

A French military general who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led military campaigns across Europe.