LC BIOLOGY- Respiration

External Respiration

the process of gas exchange or breathing

Internal Respiration

the release of energy (ATP) using enzymes

Aerobic Respiration

the controlled release of energy from food using oxygen

Balanced Equation for Aerobic Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP

Stage 1 of Aerobic Respiration

glycolysis

Glycolysis

the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Glycolysis

• takes place in the cytosol of the cell

• is anaerobic

• forms two ATP molecules (adenosine diphosphate combines with phosphate)

• produces pyruvic acid as an end product

Glycogen

human storage polysaccharide stored in the liver and muscles

Stage 2 of Aerobic Respiration

includes the Krebs Cycle and electron transport systems

In the Presence of Oxygen

stage 2 proceeds in the mitochondrion

Pyruvic Acid

loses carbon dioxide and high-energy electrons (in the form of NADH), forming acetyl CoA

Acetyl Coenzyme A

aka. acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle

• acetyl CoA goes through a series of reactions

• acetyl CoA is converted to carbon dioxide and hydrogen

• high-energy electrons and protons are released to form several NADHs

• ADP is converted to ATP

Electron Transport System

• NADH release high-energy electrons

• electrons are passed from molecule to molecule

• electrons release energy as they pass along

• at the end, low-energy electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen to form water

Inner Membrane of the Mitochondrion

location of the electron transport system

NAD

• carries high energy electrons

• picks up electrons and protons to form NADH

• electrons and protons combine with O2 to make water

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NAD

Anaerobic Respiration

the controlled release of energy from food without the use of oxygen

Cytosol

location of anaerobic respiration

Cytosol

the fluid part of cytoplasm

Fermentation

another name for anaerobic respiration

Lactic Acid Fermentation

glycolysis is followed by the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid

Alcohol Fermentation

glycolysis is followed by the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol and carbon dioxide

To Prepare Alcohol

• mix glucose and water

• boil the solution

• add yeast

• cover with oil

• leave in a warm place

To Show the Production of Ethanol

• add potassium iodide

• add sodium hypochlorite

• if pale yellow crystals form, ethanol is present

To Show the Production of Alcohol

• add acidified potassium dichromate

• warm in hot water

• if the colour turns from orange to green, then alcohol is present

Biotechnology

the use of living things or their components to manufacture useful products or to carry out useful reactions