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External Respiration
the process of gas exchange or breathing
Internal Respiration
the release of energy (ATP) using enzymes
Aerobic Respiration
the controlled release of energy from food using oxygen
Balanced Equation for Aerobic Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
Stage 1 of Aerobic Respiration
glycolysis
Glycolysis
the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
takes place in the cytosol of the cell
is anaerobic
forms two ATP molecules (adenosine diphosphate combines with phosphate)
produces pyruvic acid as an end product
Glycogen
human storage polysaccharide stored in the liver and muscles
Stage 2 of Aerobic Respiration
includes the Krebs Cycle and electron transport systems
In the Presence of Oxygen
stage 2 proceeds in the mitochondrion
Pyruvic Acid
loses carbon dioxide and high-energy electrons (in the form of NADH), forming acetyl CoA
Acetyl Coenzyme A
aka. acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
acetyl CoA goes through a series of reactions
acetyl CoA is converted to carbon dioxide and hydrogen
high-energy electrons and protons are released to form several NADHs
ADP is converted to ATP
Electron Transport System
NADH release high-energy electrons
electrons are passed from molecule to molecule
electrons release energy as they pass along
at the end, low-energy electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen to form water
Inner Membrane of the Mitochondrion
location of the electron transport system
NAD
carries high energy electrons
picks up electrons and protons to form NADH
electrons and protons combine with O2 to make water
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NAD
Anaerobic Respiration
the controlled release of energy from food without the use of oxygen
Cytosol
location of anaerobic respiration
Cytosol
the fluid part of cytoplasm
Fermentation
another name for anaerobic respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
glycolysis is followed by the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
Alcohol Fermentation
glycolysis is followed by the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol and carbon dioxide
To Prepare Alcohol
mix glucose and water
boil the solution
add yeast
cover with oil
leave in a warm place
To Show the Production of Ethanol
add potassium iodide
add sodium hypochlorite
if pale yellow crystals form, ethanol is present
To Show the Production of Alcohol
add acidified potassium dichromate
warm in hot water
if the colour turns from orange to green, then alcohol is present
Biotechnology
the use of living things or their components to manufacture useful products or to carry out useful reactions
