Cog Psych Chapter 10 (Unit 3)

slip-of-the-tongue errors

errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words

prosody

the “melody”, intonation, rhythm, and emphasis of speech

narrative

type of disclosure in which someone describes a series of actual or fictional events

iconic gestures

gestures that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking

deictic gestures

pointing to an object or location

beat gestures

gestures occurring in rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content

common ground

occurs when conversationalists share similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives necessary for mutual understanding

directive

a sentence that requests someone to do something

direct request

resolves the interpersonal problem in a very obvious fashion

indirect request

uses subtle suggestions to resolve an interpersonal problem, rather that stating the request in a straightforward manner

frame

mental structures that simplify reality

working memory

the brief, immediate memory for material that you are currently processing; also coordinates your ongoing mental activities

bilingual speaker

a person who is fluent in two different languages

multilingual speaker

someone who speaks more than two languages

simultaneous bilingualism

bilinguals/multilinguals that learn two languages simultaneously during childhood

sequential bilingualism

bilinguals/multilinguals who’s native language is referred to as their first language, and the nonnative language that they acquire is their second language

age of acquisition

the age at which you learned a second language

critical period hypothesis

your ability to acquire a second language is strictly limited to a specific period of your life

phonology

the sounds of speech

translation

converting a text written in one language into a second written language

interpreting

converting a message in one language into a second language

speech errors

slip-of-the-tongue errors: sounds or words rearranged between two or more different words (sound errors, morpheme errors, word errors)

narrative structure

1. brief overview

2. summary of characters and setting

3. complicating action

4. point

5. resolution

6. final signal that the narrative is complete

parts of working memory implicated in writing

central executive → phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer

advantages vs. disadvantages of bilingualism

advantages:

1. more expertise in native

2. outperform on other measures of meta-linguistics

3. better at following complicated instructions

4. perform better on concept tasks and problem-solving tasks

5. selective attention to subtle aspects

6. more sensitive to pragmatic aspects

7. dementia signs develop later

disadvantages:

1. subtly alter pronunciation

2. process slightly slower

3. smaller vocabularies for words used at home

embodied cognition

people use their bodies to express their knowledge, ongoing connection between motor system and processing spoken language

language production and writing

writing requires numerous cognitive processes, researchers seldom study writing in college students but have used children’s writing, most adults write fairly often

the role of working memory in writing

central executive plays a role in attention, planning, and coordinating other cognitive activities and is active in virtually every phase of the writing process

effects of expertise in writing

more likely to revise and focus on organization, focus, and transition between ideas + diagnose the source of a problem sentence

simultaneous interpreter

involves three working-memory tasks at the same time (comprehension, transformation, and speaking)