English CO2

Properties of a well written text

Organization, Unity, Language Use, Mechanics, Coherence and Cohesion

Organization

is the arrangement of ideas in a definite order.

It is achieved when these ideas are logically and accurately arranged

Coherence

this means that sentences are arranged in a logical manner, making them easily understood by the reader.

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or refers to the connection of ideas both at the sentence and at the paragraph level

cohesion

connection of ideas at sentence level

or refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage, including both the main point of sentences and the main point of each paragraph

1. Chronological Order
2. Spatial order
3. process order

How to organize/arrange the details of a paragraph?

chronological

The details are arranged in the order in which they happened

spatial

Is this spatial, chronological, or process?

chronological

Is this spatial, chronological, or process?

Process

in this type of order, a sequence of actions is described. It instructs the reader on how to do something. It is basically a set of directions

process

Is this spatial, chronological, or process?

spatial

the sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical location, such as left to right, up to down etc.

Signal devices

words that give readers an idea of how the points in your paragraph are progressing

transitions

words that connect one idea to another, in order for our ideas to flow smoothly

time

type of transition

(first, immediately, afterward, before, at the same time, after, earlier, etc.)

sequence

type of transition.

(moreover, furthermore, next, also, finally, last, another, first, second , third, besides, additionally, etc.)

space

type of transition

(above, next to, below, behind, beside, etc.)

illustration

type of transition.

(for instance, specifically, for example, namely, in this case, to illustrate, etc.)

comparison

type of transition.

(similarly, above, also, in the same way, still, likewise, in comparison, too, etc.)

Contrast

type of transition.

(but, despite, however, even though, yet, on the other hand, although, on the contrary, otherwise, conversely, etc.)

Cause and effect

type of transition

(because, as a result, consequently, then, so, since, etc.)

conclusion

type of transition.

(thus, therefore, in conclusion, in short, etc)

Repetitions

______ of main ideas keep continuity and highlight important ideas.

It could be a word, a phrase, or a full sentence, or a poetical line repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text.

repetition

these are examples of?

synonyms

words that are similar in meaning to important words, or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions

pronouns

words that are used to replace nouns in a given sentence

pronouns

these are examples of?

language use

appropriateness of word/ vocabulary usage

jargon

insider terminology that may be difficult for readers from other fields to understand

cliches

are expressions that are heavily overused, such as “think outside of the box” and “but at the end of the day”

mechanics

refers to the set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize words. It determines errors on subject verb agreement, prepositions, tenses, the grammar, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations and acronyms, the use of numbers a part of the statement, and the punctuations marks.

coreherence and cohesion, pronouns

what property of a well written is used

coherence and cohesion, spatial order

what property of a well written is used

coherence and cohesion, signal devices (transitions)

what property of a well written is used

language use

what property of a well written is used

mechanics

what property of a well written is used

claim

a statement that is not considered accepted by all. It may be controversial to a certain degree. It is usually related to one side of an issue. If so, it is also called the position

implicit

something that is implied, not expressed directly but still understood because it is suggested by the choice of words, the tone of voice

explicit

is something that is stated directly and fully, with no room left for implications

claims of fact

this relate to statements that can be verified, no matter how difficult

claims of value

are evaluative statements. These are statements about which is better, more important, or more useful. this also relates to what is good or bad.

ex. it is more fun in the Philippines (is it really)

it is better to be feared than loved

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claims of policy

claims of policy are all about what should be. It urges an actions that would lead to a condition. It is usually made in related to solving societal problems

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ex. the government must devote more funding for the military

deductive reasoning

is from a general statement to a specific one

inductive reasoning

from specific to general

logical fallacies

errors in reasoning that invalidate the argument

ad hominem

“argument against the man”

unfairly attacking a person instead of the issue.

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ex. u can’t trust him bcs he’s a neo nazi

you can’t comment on parenting if you have no child

Circular reasoning

the opinion to be proved as if it were already proven

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ex. global warming doesn’t exist because the earth isn’t getting warmer

false cause (cause and effect)

“non causa pro causa” (cause and effect)

citing a false or remote cause to explain a situation

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example: the increase in global warming in the past decade is because more teens are using hairspray

post hoc, ergo propter hoc (false cause)

“after this, therefore because of this”

assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.

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example: a murder at a rock concert was caused by violent song lyrics

either or fallacy

discussing an issue as if there are only two alternatives

this fallacy ignored any other possible alternatives

evasion

ignoring or evading questions

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example:

reporter: senator is your view on global warming

senator: global warming is definitely something we need to look into

false analogy

making a comparison between two subjects that have more dissimilarities than similarities

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example: comparing a devastating earthquake to an economic crisis

oversimplification

making a complicated issue seem very simple by using simple terms or suppressing information

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Example: global warming is caused by hairspray and other beauty products

rationalization

giving incorrect reasons to justify your position

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example: I can’t attend class because my dog died ( you want to sleep)

Red herring

Presenting an argument unrelated to your subject in order to distract the reader

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example: in order to really look at the problem of global warming, we must first consider how the homeless suffer when its cold

slippery slope

implying that one small step in the wrong direction will cause catastrophic results

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example: if we use one hairspray this month, earth will no longer exist

two wrongs make a right

defending something done wrong by citing another incident of wrong doing

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example: America doesn’t need to regulate pollution because China is producing more pollution than them

Hasty Generalization

an inference drawn from insufficient evidence

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example: it is warmer this year, therefore global warming is rapidly accelerating

the straw man

an argument in which an opponent’s position is represented as being more extreme than it actually is

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example: he didn’t reply to me when he was in class, he doesn’t love me anymore

equivocation

juvenile tricks of language

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example: Brad is nobody, nobody is perfect. Therefore brad is perfect

Non sequitur

“it does not follow”

argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically

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example: she broke her arm in an after school activity. Therefore, all after school activities must be banned

critical reading

analytic activity which involves the leader by asking questions about the author’s claim.

Not meant to criticize but to assess the validity of textual evidence

Critical readers

doing the process of evaluating, analyzing, and interpreting the hidden meaning of the text.

ability to defend something by giving out reasons

assertion

declarative sentence that claim something is true about something

fact

statement that can be proven objectively by experience, witness, testimonies, result in research etc.

convention

something is done, similar to traditions for norms.

based on historical precedent, laws, rules, usage

opinion

based on facts but are difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proof of soundness

preference

personal choice

subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked

counterclaim

made to rebut a previous claim