Studied by 51 peopleProperties of a well written text
Organization, Unity, Language Use, Mechanics, Coherence and Cohesion
Organization
is the arrangement of ideas in a definite order.
It is achieved when these ideas are logically and accurately arranged
Coherence
this means that sentences are arranged in a logical manner, making them easily understood by the reader.
or refers to the connection of ideas both at the sentence and at the paragraph level
cohesion
connection of ideas at sentence level
or refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage, including both the main point of sentences and the main point of each paragraph
Chronological Order
Spatial order
process order
How to organize/arrange the details of a paragraph?
chronological
The details are arranged in the order in which they happened
spatial
Is this spatial, chronological, or process?
chronological
Is this spatial, chronological, or process?
Process
in this type of order, a sequence of actions is described. It instructs the reader on how to do something. It is basically a set of directions
process
Is this spatial, chronological, or process?
spatial
the sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical location, such as left to right, up to down etc.
Signal devices
words that give readers an idea of how the points in your paragraph are progressing
transitions
words that connect one idea to another, in order for our ideas to flow smoothly
time
type of transition
(first, immediately, afterward, before, at the same time, after, earlier, etc.)
sequence
type of transition.
(moreover, furthermore, next, also, finally, last, another, first, second , third, besides, additionally, etc.)
space
type of transition
(above, next to, below, behind, beside, etc.)
illustration
type of transition.
(for instance, specifically, for example, namely, in this case, to illustrate, etc.)
comparison
type of transition.
(similarly, above, also, in the same way, still, likewise, in comparison, too, etc.)
Contrast
type of transition.
(but, despite, however, even though, yet, on the other hand, although, on the contrary, otherwise, conversely, etc.)
Cause and effect
type of transition
(because, as a result, consequently, then, so, since, etc.)
conclusion
type of transition.
(thus, therefore, in conclusion, in short, etc)
Repetitions
______ of main ideas keep continuity and highlight important ideas.
It could be a word, a phrase, or a full sentence, or a poetical line repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text.
repetition
these are examples of?
synonyms
words that are similar in meaning to important words, or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions
pronouns
words that are used to replace nouns in a given sentence
pronouns
these are examples of?
language use
appropriateness of word/ vocabulary usage
jargon
insider terminology that may be difficult for readers from other fields to understand
cliches
are expressions that are heavily overused, such as “think outside of the box” and “but at the end of the day”
mechanics
refers to the set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize words. It determines errors on subject verb agreement, prepositions, tenses, the grammar, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations and acronyms, the use of numbers a part of the statement, and the punctuations marks.
coreherence and cohesion, pronouns
what property of a well written is used
coherence and cohesion, spatial order
what property of a well written is used
coherence and cohesion, signal devices (transitions)
what property of a well written is used
language use
what property of a well written is used
mechanics
what property of a well written is used
claim
a statement that is not considered accepted by all. It may be controversial to a certain degree. It is usually related to one side of an issue. If so, it is also called the position
implicit
something that is implied, not expressed directly but still understood because it is suggested by the choice of words, the tone of voice
explicit
is something that is stated directly and fully, with no room left for implications
claims of fact
this relate to statements that can be verified, no matter how difficult
claims of value
are evaluative statements. These are statements about which is better, more important, or more useful. this also relates to what is good or bad.
ex. it is more fun in the Philippines (is it really)
it is better to be feared than loved
claims of policy
claims of policy are all about what should be. It urges an actions that would lead to a condition. It is usually made in related to solving societal problems
ex. the government must devote more funding for the military
deductive reasoning
is from a general statement to a specific one
inductive reasoning
from specific to general
logical fallacies
errors in reasoning that invalidate the argument
ad hominem
“argument against the man”
unfairly attacking a person instead of the issue.
ex. u can’t trust him bcs he’s a neo nazi
you can’t comment on parenting if you have no child
Circular reasoning
the opinion to be proved as if it were already proven
ex. global warming doesn’t exist because the earth isn’t getting warmer
false cause (cause and effect)
“non causa pro causa” (cause and effect)
citing a false or remote cause to explain a situation
example: the increase in global warming in the past decade is because more teens are using hairspray
post hoc, ergo propter hoc (false cause)
“after this, therefore because of this”
assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.
example: a murder at a rock concert was caused by violent song lyrics
either or fallacy
discussing an issue as if there are only two alternatives
this fallacy ignored any other possible alternatives
evasion
ignoring or evading questions
example:
reporter: senator is your view on global warming
senator: global warming is definitely something we need to look into
false analogy
making a comparison between two subjects that have more dissimilarities than similarities
example: comparing a devastating earthquake to an economic crisis
oversimplification
making a complicated issue seem very simple by using simple terms or suppressing information
Example: global warming is caused by hairspray and other beauty products
rationalization
giving incorrect reasons to justify your position
example: I can’t attend class because my dog died ( you want to sleep)
Red herring
Presenting an argument unrelated to your subject in order to distract the reader
example: in order to really look at the problem of global warming, we must first consider how the homeless suffer when its cold
slippery slope
implying that one small step in the wrong direction will cause catastrophic results
example: if we use one hairspray this month, earth will no longer exist
two wrongs make a right
defending something done wrong by citing another incident of wrong doing
example: America doesn’t need to regulate pollution because China is producing more pollution than them
Hasty Generalization
an inference drawn from insufficient evidence
example: it is warmer this year, therefore global warming is rapidly accelerating
the straw man
an argument in which an opponent’s position is represented as being more extreme than it actually is
example: he didn’t reply to me when he was in class, he doesn’t love me anymore
equivocation
juvenile tricks of language
example: Brad is nobody, nobody is perfect. Therefore brad is perfect
Non sequitur
“it does not follow”
argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically
example: she broke her arm in an after school activity. Therefore, all after school activities must be banned
critical reading
analytic activity which involves the leader by asking questions about the author’s claim.
Not meant to criticize but to assess the validity of textual evidence
Critical readers
doing the process of evaluating, analyzing, and interpreting the hidden meaning of the text.
ability to defend something by giving out reasons
assertion
declarative sentence that claim something is true about something
fact
statement that can be proven objectively by experience, witness, testimonies, result in research etc.
convention
something is done, similar to traditions for norms.
based on historical precedent, laws, rules, usage
opinion
based on facts but are difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proof of soundness
preference
personal choice
subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked
counterclaim
made to rebut a previous claim
Note 
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