Chapter 7: The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President; Democratic-Republican

Louisiana Purchase

1803; Territory in western United States purchased from Napoleon (who was in need of money for war) for 15 Million

War Hawks

Democratic-Republican representatives from the western states

Henry Clay

War Hawk from Kentucky

John C. Calhoun

War Hawk from South Carolina

Tecumseh

Warrior; One of the Shawnee Chiefs; Gathered a group of tribes west of the Mississippi to fight back against U.S. encroachment; Died in the Battle of Thames River

Prophet

Religious Leader; One of the Shawnee Chiefs; Gathered a group of tribes west of the Mississippi to fight back against U.S. encroachment

William Henry Harrison

General in the Battle of Thames River and the Battle of Tippecanoe; Part of a new age of political leaders

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811; Battle between Tecumseh and Prophet's tribes and Harrison's forces; Tecumseh and Prophet lost

Strict Interpretation

Stick to literal word meaning of the Constitution; Belief of the Democratic-Republicans

John Marshall

Cousin of Jefferson; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years; Bold Judge who helped strengthen the central government; Often in conflict with Jefferson

Judicial Review

This gives the Supreme Court the power to evaulate whether a ruling or act by Congress of the president is permitted by the Constitution

Marbury vs. Madison

A man sued after Jefferson tried to take away his comission, but lost; Established Judicial Review

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's VP; Tried to break away from the U.S. with northern states; Challenged, shot and killed Hamilton; Arrested but then acquitted for treason (wanted to take Mexico from the Spanish and control it and Louisiana)

Quids

"Old" Democratic-Republicans; Against the War of 1812; Believed it went against the maintaing of power and limiting of federal power

Hartford Convention

1814; Meeting of Federalists about seceding from the Union; Wanted the Constitution amended; Secession was turned down but now 2/3 of the Senate and House were needed for a declaration of war

Napoleon Bonaparte

Leader of the French Revolution; Took back the Louisiana Territory from the Spanish and then sold it to the U.S.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution

Barbary Pirates

North Africans who would seize U.S. merchant ships; They would request large sums of money in exchange for leaving ships alone

Neutrality

The policy of supporting neither side in a war

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

1807; A British warship attacked a U.S. warship, killing 3 Americans and capturing 4

Embargo Act

1807; Result of Chesapeake-Leopard Affair; Stopped U.S. merchant ships from going to foreign ports, with the hopes Britain would stop their immoral/illegal actions for the sake of trade

James Madison

4th President; Democratic-Republican

Nonintercourse Act

1809; This act opened up trade, but the U.S. still could not trade with Britain and France

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810; Trade was now allowed to rade with Britain and France; If these 2 countries respected the U.S.'s neutrality, the U.S. would stop trade with Britian and France's enemies; France liked this but didn't hold up their end of the bargain

War of 1812

1812-1814; The war between the U.S. and Britain over impressment, rebellions, and territory; Ended with the Treaty of Ghent

Old Ironsides

AKA Constitution; The U.S. warship that sank a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia and boosted morale

Battle of Lake Erie

1813; Important Naval Battle; Captain Perry; Victory; Led to the Battle of Thames River

Oliver Hazard Perry

Captain in the battle at Lake Erie

Battle of the Thames River

Naval battle near Detriot; Harrison; Victory; Tecumseh is killed

Battle of Lake Champlain

1814; Macdonough; Defeated a British fleet; British retreated and abandoned plans to invade NY and NE

Andrew Jackson

Leader of the Battle of Horeshoe Bend and the Battle of New Orleans; Part of a new age of political leaders

Battle of Horeshoe Bend

March 1814; Alabama; Jackson ended the Creek nation's power

Creek Nation

This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson

Battle of New Orleans

January 8, 1815; Final Major Battle; Jackson, (along with white, African, and Creole soldiers) crushed the British who wanted to control the Mississippi

Treaty of Ghent

1814; Treaty that ended the War of 1812; Fighting stopped, borders and territories were put back to pre-war state; Ratified in 1815; Stalemate (didn't talk about impressment or blockades)

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806; A way to better understand the territory west of the Mississippi; Led to a better relationship w/ natives; More accurate knowledge of land; U.S. assertion of dominance

Francis Scott Key

Writer of the Star-Spangled Banner

The Star-Spangled Banner

National Anthem; Inspired by the strength of Fort McHenry

Effects of the Embargo Act

It failed; Britian substituted American trade loss with South America; The economy was damaged because merchants and shipbuilders were restricted; Some NE states even wanted to secede from the Union

U.S. Interest in the Louisiana Territory

The western frontier heavily relied on this region for transportation and for majority of their economy; The Spanish violated the Pickney Treaty by closing the port

Louisiana Purchase Consequences

The U.S. doubled in size; European power in America decreased; Federalists were proven to be a weak political party

Invasion of Canada

Failed three-part invasion at Detriot, Niagara and Lake Champlain; Led to failed raid and burning of Toronto government buildings

Positive War Legacy

The U.S. gained respect; Indians surrender land; Self-Sufficient U.S. industry; New age of political leaders; Growth in nationalism and desire for westward expansion

Negative War Legacy

Canada was recognized as a aprt of the British Empire by the U.S.; Federalist power and popularity decreased; Inspired nullification and secession in the South

De Witt Clinton

Madison's opponent in the Election of 1812

Chesapeake Campaign

The British army marched through and burned the White House, Capitol, etc.; Tried to take Baltimore but Fort McHenry held up the defense

Thomas Mcdonough

General at the Battle of Lake Champlain