Psyc 101 exam 4

psychological disorders

• how do we discriminate between normal and abnormal behavior? __

how do we determine were one falls on the continuum

__: different, extreme, unusual

__: personally distressing

__: difficult to fulfill everyday responsibilities

__: to self or others

• Ex: man thought God told him to preach the gospel to lions

each of these involve __

sometimes traits  are maladaptive but not abnormal

continuum

deviant

distress

dysfunctional

dangerous

subjectivity

how are diagnoses made

• the diagnostic and statistical manual of American psychiatric association

• aim: to provide __ diagnostic categories

• drawback: many feel that it ___

• routinely updated

• tells of all mental disease and symptoms/how to help

Rosenhan study (1973)

• demonstrates danger of ___

• __ participants pretend to be hearing a voice that was “hollow empty thud”

• all of them were admitted and claimed they were faking

• stayed for 7-52 days and the more normal they acted the crazier they were treated

• given insane amount of drugs

• released with schizophrenia in remission

• not one of the patients was detected by medical staff

clear

overdiagnoses

labeling

7

benefits of diagnostic labels

• despite drawbacks its still necessary to have reliable diagnostic system. Helps with

  • __: know what were looking at

  • __: trying our treatment on those with similar symptoms

  • __:

  • __: so practitioners can be reimbursed

Are the mentally ill dangerous

• states have released the mentally ill and closed state hospitals giving them treatment so many mental illness are left ___

• it is true most mentally ill are likely to be victims rather than perpetrators, psychosis is associated with a __ increased risk for homicide

  • risk drops dramatically with treatment

communication

research

treatment

required by most insurance companies

untreated

40 fold

the biopsychosocial approach

• medical model views psychological disorders as having just a __ cause

• most disorder have also have a — and — component

• think it is a single cause and can be treated with a pill

How common are psychological disorders

• predicted that over __ of American will suffer from a disorder at some point int heir lives

  • there would also be racial differences

Poverty and psychological disorder

• rates are __ time higher among the poor

  • sometimes psychological disorders cause poverty because they can’t complete —- or maintain a good —-

  • sometimes the stress of poverty __ psychological disorders

biological

psychological

socio-cultural

half

2.5

school

job

cause

__: unpredictable panic attacks

__: fear of being out in public places for fear of having an attack

• panic attacks are not uncommon but panic disorder is

• symptoms: pounding heart, sweating, trembling, etc. 

panic attacks are a real activation of the ___ nervous system

the __ is thought to play a role in these “false alarms”

• aka “panic circuit”

__ and cognitve factors interact to produce panic disorders 

panic disorder

agoraphobia

sympathetic

locus coerulus

bodily

obsessive compulsive disorder

__: persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that intrude a person’s consciousness

___: repetitive and rigid behaviors that people perform to reduce anxiety

__ is out of balance

• important that the person acknowledges they have an issue if not they are simply psychotic

tends to grow and take over their life

parts of the ___ seems to be overactive in persons with OCD

• reassuring for patients to know it is slightly biological

cognitive- behavior explanation

• people with OCD __ for normal thoughts

• to avoid negative outcomes they attempt to “__” thoughts with compulsion

• anxiety is __, which reinforces both the compulsion and the belief that the thoughts are dangerous

Common “unacceptable thoughts”

• running a car off the road

• jumping off a high building

• phone is contaminated

obsession

compulsion

serotonin

orbitofrontal cortex

blame themselves

neutralize

reduced

__: an irrational fear focused on a specific object, activity, or situation

• commonly explained by ___

• Ex: little albert

___: we are predisposed to form certain associations

• much more common/easier to be conditioned to be scared of ___ stimuli than _ stimuli

• Ex: snake vs flower

phobias

classical conditioning

biological preparedness

fear relevant stimuli

fear irrelevant stimuli

__: characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and acting

• we tend to be very consistent

___: inflexible and enduring pattern of behavior that impairs functioning

• trats are there form birth but become more apparent with age, person with disorder might not see it

key symptoms of ___

• __ __ (antisocial lifestyle)

• impulsive

• poor behavior controls

• need for excitement

• lack of responsibility

• early behavior problems

• adult antisocial behavior

__ __ “callous and unemotional”

• glib and superficial

• eccentric and grandiose

• lack of empathy

• lack of remorse and guilt

• deceitful and manipulative

• shallow emotions

most people in prison exhibit these symptoms

personality

personality disorder

antisocial personality disorder

social deviance

emotional traits

antisocial personality disorder

• lack of authentic __ arousal

• inability to experience __

  • antisocial behavior stems from a lack of this

  • explains why their crimes can be dumb

  • aware of emotion and can fake them

• Ex: countdown experiment

  • psychopaths and normal given ten minutes until they were shocked and only the __ people experienced any emotion after the ten minutes

• Ex: adrenaline and crime rates

  • tested boys at 13 and 18, some had ___ levels of adrenaline and were found to be __ likely to commit crimes

psychopaths brain show __ activation in —- cortex

• brain less activated, thinks less thought through

Kent Kiehl: underdevelopment of __ system (emotion)

emotional

anxiety

normal

lower

more

less

frontal

limbic

___:

mood symptoms

• __: negative emotion

• __; lack of pleasure in joyous things

“___” symptoms

• change in sleep, appetite, and energy levels

__ symptoms

• feeling of worthlessness, suicidal thoughts

• symptoms must last longer than __ weeks

Major (__) depression

• “ common” cold of psychological problems

• __ rates of depression in younger generations

• most people recover on their own

• but most will have __ episode at some point

• feeling depressed is a normal reaction to loss

  • these feeling are part of the __ experience

• __ can be adaptive

depression

dysphoria

anhedonia

vegetative

cognitive

two

unipolar

higher

another

human

feeling sad

__ disorder

• patients cycle between __ and — episodes

• less common than unipolar

• stronger genetic component

  • Ex; woman talking about her life goals was manic: hyperactive, speech pressure, jumping

stressful life events and depression

• they are __

  • but which causes which?

• stressful life events __ subsequent depression

cognitive explanation of depression

• depressed people see themselves and their world as __

  • low self esteem, helplessness, negative expectations for the future

  • this “___ __” makes the individual more likely to become depressed when stressful life events occur

bipolar

depressive

manic

correlated

predict

black

cognitive vulnerability

variation on cognitive theory

_: people who explain bad events in terms that are stable, global, and internal are more likely to become depressed

• Stable (“It’ll always be this way”)

  Global (“It affects everything I do”)

  Internal (“It’s all my fault because of who I am”)

• often depression leads to a negative life cycle of __ events and then not explain them well followed by a — mode and then — and — changes which all just repeats

___ is considered one of the sever mental illness

• __ symptoms

  • hallucinations

  • delusions

  • disorganized speech

  • inappropriate affect

  • indicates the —- of inappropriate behavior

• __ symptoms

  • flat affect

  • social withdrawal

  • indicates the — of appropriate behaviors

positive symptoms are things we don’t want

negative symptoms are hardest for family/friends to understand

schizophrenia cause permanent brain damage even if the disease leaves

hopelessness theory

stressful

depressed

cognitive and behavioral

schizophrenia

positive

presence

absence

pattern of onset

__ (reactive)

• sudden onset

• better prognosis

__ (process)

• slow, insidious onset

• poorer prognosis often more negative symptoms

cause of schizophrenia

• __

  • as degree of genetic similarity __, the risk of developing the disorder —-

• but remember genes don’t explain everything, may be external factors too

• __

  • enlarged __ have been found in people with the disease

• __

  • __ work by blocking the effects of dopamine

• __

  • converging liens of evidence suggest that prenatal viruses play a role

• __:

  • “schizophrenogenic mother” no longer a valid theory, claims mothers were cold

  • stress probably plays a role

• __

  • early, frequent use has been linked with incidences of schizophrenia

acute

chronic

increases

increases

brain abnormalities

ventricales

dopamine overactivity

maternal viruses

psychological factors

marijuana use

diathesis stress model

• genetic factors are essential as a __(predisposition) but are — themselves for the development

• no environmental factor — can cause schizophrenia without a genetic diathesis

pharmacological treatments

• “conventional antipsychotics”

  • 1950’s

  • block __ receptors reducing effect

  • act primarily on __ symptoms

  • produce serious __ disorders

• “atypical antipsychotics”

  • different biological mechanisms

  • more effective than the __ drug

  • fewer movement side effects

• antipsychotic drugs lead to massive ___

  • led to issues of no treatment or burden on family/society members

diathesis

insufficient

alone

dopamine

positive

movement

conventional

deinstitutionalization

__

• developed by Sigmund Freud

• based on the idea that people have __ conflicts that affect their behavior

• goal of therapy is to bring those conflicts into __

• this new __ helps the patient overcome problems

• “—- —-” therapy: doesn’t teach specific strategies but makes us more aware of the unconscious

Important concepts

• __; patients says aloud whatever comes to mind

  • come to understand your world through therapist interpretation

• __: blocking anxiety laden material form concious

  • don’t want to talk about something implies you have issue with it

• —: the psychoanalyst offers an explanation of patients dreams or experiences in order to promote insight

• __: the patient transfers emotions to the analyst

thought few practice Freudian strategies, his work helped develop the foundation for treating psychological disorders and continue to have influence today

psychoanalysis

unconscious

awareness

insight

“insight oriented”

free association

resistance

interpretation

transference

__ therapy

• focused on —-, unconscious feelings and thought

• — centered therapy

• therapist actively —

• fundamental idea behind therapy: therapist provided an environment of —, —-, and — in which the client can strive towards self actualization

__ therapy

• focus on the —- itself

• apply principles of learning to increase adaptive behavior and eliminate —- behaviors

• Ex: we can teach autistic children to make eye contact and sit through the us of reinforcement. we can eliminate disruptive behaviors through punishment

  • very effective when started young

  • very low level abilities are trained

• Important principles of eliminating —

  • — leads to extinction

  • systematic ——

humanistic

current

client

listen

acceptance

empathy

openness

behavioral

behavior

problem

fears

exposure

desnistization

cognitive behavior therapy

• focuses on — thinking and —

• goal of therapy is the change — thinking and —- behavior patterns

• __: replaying faulty thinking with new ways of think about problems

  • can’t change their thinking but can make them test it against the evidence to try and reinterpret it

• based on the premise that your emotional reactions are the result of your —- about the situation rather the — itself. Through therapy you can learn more logical ways to interpret situations

CBT is used for other disorders

• __ disorder

  • clients practice inducing sensations of panic, then reinterpreting those sensations

• __ disorder

  • clients learn new ways of explaining their good and bad food related experiences

• __ __ disorder

  • contamination fears need exposure to face fears

current

behavior

faulty

undesirable

cognitive restructuring

thoughts

situation

panic

eating

obsessive compulsive

psychological therapy does it work?

• outcome studies address the following questions

  • is therapy effective in __

  • are __ therapies generally effective

  • are particular therapies effective for particular problems

Is therapy effective?

• most people will report that therapy __

  • however this result is somewhat biased

    • people tend to seek therapy when in a ___

      • tend to swing in mood

    • clients are __ in therapy

  • __ shows that those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve

Are particular therapies generally effective

• no __ form of therapy stand out above the others

• commonalities among therapies

  • __ of help

  • explanations

  • an __ relationship

general

particular

helped

crisis

invested

metanalysis

one

expectation

empathetic

are particiular therapies helpful for particular problems

• __ clinical trials

  • tightly controlled comparison of one treatment to none treatment

    • control group will received help after

  • tells us how many people __ improve and how many — helped by the treatment

  • this method shoes that certain types of therapy —- more effective than others

    • Ex: exposure therapy and fear

a new (alarming) trend in therapy

• growing ideology teaches people to see themselves as part of an __ group and to blame their — on — groups

  • sometimes true

• more often this encourages __, is — to people who are seeking help for mental illness

randomized

spontaneously

actually

are

oppressed

hardships

oppressor

hypersensitivity

harmful

pharmacological treatment of depression

• selective __ re uptake inhibitor- increase availability of —

  • Ex: Prozac and Zoloft

• also help some anxiety disorders

1. message is sent __ released

2. NT binds to specific receptor sites but some __

3. pills __ re uptake site which helps enhance effects of serotonin

• electro convulsion therapy

  • mechanism is __

  • today is more __ than in past

  • generally reserved for most __ cases

  • induces a __ when sedated, uses muscle relaxant

  • effects all bodily systems

serotonin

serotonin

NT

leftover

blocks

unknown

humane

extreme

seizure

light therapy

• some people get __ during the winter months

  • “season affective disorder”

• morning exposure to __ seems to help

• small therapy lamp for about 20 minutes each morning

Therapeutic lifestyle changes

• mind and body are ___

  • social media, new ideology, sleep deprived doesn’t help us

• therapeutic lifestyle changes

  • __ exercise

  • __activity in nature

  • adequate __

  • relationships

  • __ others

  • __ participation

depressed

bright light

intertwined

aerobic

outdoor

sleep

helping

religious