AP World - Unit 4 [1450 to 1750]

Primogeniture Laws

The name of the laws that essentially stated how land must be passed down to the eldest son

Omani-European Rivalry

The name of the rivalry between European countries, like the Portuguese, who attempted to set up forts in Oman but were constantly challenged

Mercantilism

The main economic policy of many European states during this time, which mainly translated to “sell more, buy less”

Caravels and Galleons

The names of the ships that were created by Europeans and helped facilitate more long-distance trade

Cristopher Columbus

First explorer who “discovered” the Americas; Sponsored by Spain

Bartholomew Diaz

Explorer who wanted to make his way down around Africa’s tip but later returned due to fear of mutiny; Sponsored by Portuguese

Vasco de Gama

Explorer who sailed to India and established connections with Indian Ocean traders; Sponsored by Portuguese and set up trading posts there

Francisco Pizarro

Conqueror of the Incan Empire

Smallpox

The name of the disease that many explorers brought over with them from the Americas; Killed off a huge group of indigenous populations

Columbian Exchange

The name of the exchange that occurred which specifically referred to the transfer of ideas, foods, goods, etc. between the Western and Eastern hemispheres

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The name given to the trade of people from Africa to the Americas

Engenhos

The name that sugar plantation were typically referred to due to the horrible conditions and long working hours that laborers had to endure

Creole

A language that was made up of syncretism between European languages and African languages

Sugar and tobacco

Two main goods that were extremely important to Europeans and were grown in the Americas

African Diaspora

Referring to the dispersion of people from Africa outside of the continent

Mit’a System

The name of the labor system created by the Incas that was continued from the previous time period and continuously used during the 1450s to 1750s as well

Coercive Labor

What various labor systems were known as (as a whole)

Indentured Servitude

The labor system where people would work for up to seven years with no pay (often seven years was not respected though)

Serfs

The name of the people who were attached to land and were forced to work; Also used as a system by the Russians

Encomienda System

The name of the system established by the Spanish where they were forced to work in return for food and shelter

Hacienda System

The name of the system tied to the encomienda system where landowners developed agriculture on their lands and forced people to work on fields

Gold, God, and Glory

The Three G’s of Exploration; Historically known as reasons for why Europeans wanted to explore

Atahualpa

The Incan ruler that Francisco Pizarro captured and forced her to give him a room full of gold

Silver

A heavily sought-after resource when many Spanish conquistadores realized that gold would not satisfy their desired economic prosperity

Buddhist shrines

Objects that Christian missionaries in Japan would destroy; Eventually led to the Japanese government banning Christian worship services and persecuting and Christians (Additionally also limited foreign influence like the Qing dynasty)

Nagasaki Harbor

The name of the harbor where few Dutch merchants were allowed to live and trade with the Japanese

Chattel Slavery

A system of slavery where people were seen as property that was simply to be bought and sold

Great Wall of China

The piece of architecture that the Ming began to rebuild in a way to protect themselves from foreign influence

Joint-Stock Companies

The name of the companies created by the British and the Dutch to informally gain control of a colony’s economy

East India Company

The British joint-stock company that was initially formed for trade but later aided in getting imperial rule over South Asia, especially India

Dutch East India Company

The Dutch joint-stock company that was simply considered a global trading company from the Netherlands; Also known as VOC

Santeria

An African faith that is an example of syncretism between Catholicism and West African religious traditions

Vodun and Candomble

Belief systems and/or religious traditions that further display examples of religious syncretism coming from triangular trade

Casta System

A social hierarchy system in the Americas based off one’s skin color

Virgin of Guadalupe

The name of the influential figure who had a cult developed around her; Syncretism of religions between Catholic Christians and typical Spanish traditions

Polygamy

A practice that typically occurred in Africa as a result of more men being taken for the slave trade than women; Definition: Men having more than one wife

Ana Nzinga

A female ruler in Ndongo who originally formed an alliance with the Portuguese, but later broke the alliance and led a rebellion in Ndongo where she allied with Dutch and attempted to free enslaved people

Pugachev Rebellion

A rebellion led in Russia due to anger against the government giving extreme power to nobles

Cossack Revolts

A series of revolts in Russia due to anger from the Cossacks (Essentially runaway serfs)

Metacom’s War

The final effort of Native Americans in the Americas attempting to push out the British from their lands; Unsuccessful

Maroon Wars

A series of revolts within the Caribbean where slaves and former indigenous groups fought for their freedom

Queen Nanny

An important figure in the Maroon Wars; United all of the maroons of the island and helped many escape slavery

Maratha Empire

The name of the empire who were Hindus and attempted to end Mughal rule (internal conflict)