potions and poisons

Mixture

A physical combination of two substances.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture in which the substances are uniformly distributed.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture in which two substances are not uniformly distributed.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture made of two or more substances mixed chemically.

Chemical Bond

A connection formed when two atoms combine.

Element Compound

A compound created when two elements chemically combine.

Physical Change

A change that does not affect the substance's chemical composition.

Chemical Change

A change where the substance's molecular composition changes.

Chemical Equation

A representation of substances being combined chemically.

Toxins

Chemicals that are poisonous to animals, plants, or humans.

Ionic Bonding

Bonding in which one atom takes an electron from another atom.

Covalent Bonding

Bonding where atoms share electrons.

Polar Covalent Bonds

Bonds where atoms share electrons unequally.

Dilution

The addition of a solvent without adding any solute.

Ammonia

A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

Mixture of Reagents

Combinations of two or more substances physically blended for testing or synthesis.

Colloid

A mixture of microscopic particles suspended in another medium.

Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons.

Fusion

The process where two atomic nuclei combine to form a single heavier nucleus.

Hydrogen Peroxide

A chemical compound with the formula H2O2, used as an oxidizer and disinfectant.

Bleach

A chemical used for whitening and disinfecting, commonly sodium hypochlorite.

Vinegar

A liquid composed of acetic acid and water, used mainly in cooking.

Isopropyl Alcohol

A colorless, flammable compound with the formula C3H8O used as a disinfectant.

Alpha-amanitin

A cyclic peptide that inhibits RNA polymerase II and III, acting as a deadly toxin.

Calcium Supplements

Salts of calcium used to treat conditions of low blood calcium and osteoporosis.

Iron Supplements

Formulations used to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia.

Giant Hogweed

A highly toxic plant known for causing severe skin reactions upon contact.

Jimsonweed

A plant containing dangerous tropane alkaloids that can cause delirium and hallucinations.

Datura Intoxication

Symptoms caused by consumption of Datura, including delirium and hallucinations.

Phototoxic

A condition where a substance causes a harmful reaction upon exposure to light.

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning

A food safety concern caused by neurotoxins accumulated in certain fish.

Urushiol

An oily organic allergen found in poison ivy causing allergic skin rash.

Ammonium Nitrite

A compound that is highly unstable and decomposes into water and nitrogen.

Acetic Acid

One of the simplest carboxylic acids, commonly found in vinegar.

Absorption

The process by which one substance takes up another, such as toxins by organisms.

Nephrotoxin

A toxin that is damaging to the kidneys.

Oxidation

A reaction where electrons are transferred, often involving oxygen.

Biodegradable

A term for substances that can be broken down by natural processes.

Antidote

A substance that counteracts a poison.

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat.

Alkaloid

A class of nitrogen-containing compounds known for their pharmacological effects.

Phenol

An aromatic compound often used in chemical manufacturing and as a disinfectant.

Toxicology

The study of the effects of chemicals on living organisms.

Acid-Base Reaction

A chemical reaction that involves the transfer of protons (H+ ions) between reactants.

Macroscopic

Referring to large-scale processes and properties observable without a microscope.

Microscopic

Referring to processes and structures visible only under a microscope.

Concentration

The amount of a substance in a given volume of solution.

Therapeutic Index

The ratio of the dose of a drug that produces toxicity to the dose that produces a clinical effect.

Bioavailability

The degree and rate at which a substance or active ingredient is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action.

Catabolism

Biochemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units.

Anabolism

Biochemical reactions that build up larger molecules from smaller units.

Narcotic

A drug that produces sleep or a state of stupor.

Basophil

A type of white blood cell involved in inflammatory reactions and allergic responses.

Agglutination

The clumping of cells in response to an antibody.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in plants essential for photosynthesis.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction that joins small molecules to form larger ones while releasing water.

Hydrolysis

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Hydrophilic

Substances that are water-attracting.

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water.

Saturated Solution

A solution in which no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature.

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that can still dissolve more solute at a given temperature.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution that has more solute dissolved than is normally possible at a given temperature.

Elution

The process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent.

Solvent

A substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solvent.

Absorbance

A measure of the amount of light absorbed by a solution.

Spectrophotometry

An analytical method used to measure how much light is absorbed by a chemical substance.

Chromatography

A technique for separating mixtures based on the movement of components in a medium.

Filtration

The process of separating solids from liquids or gases using a filter.

Distillation

The action of purifying a liquid by heating and cooling.

Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing its identity.

Chemical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can only be observed during a chemical reaction.

Homologous Series

A series of compounds that differ by a constant increment.

Molarity

A measure of concentration defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

pKa

A measure of the strength of an acid in solution.

Reactivity Series

A list of metals arranged in order of decreasing reactivity.

Corrosion

The process of wearing away or deterioration of materials, usually metals, due to oxidation.

Electrolysis

A process that uses electricity to decompose compounds.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules that contain a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom.

Chemical Kinetics

The study of the rates of chemical processes.

Thermodynamics

The branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy.

Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.

Heat of Reaction

The heat change associated with a chemical reaction.

Activation Energy

The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change.

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings.

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy to the surroundings.

Chemical Equilibrium

The state in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

Le Chatelier's Principle

If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change.

Entropy

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

Free Energy

The energy in a physical system that can be used to do work.

Absolute Zero

The theoretical temperature at which a system has minimal energy, equivalent to 0 Kelvin.

Mole

A unit of measurement in chemistry for a quantity of substance containing the same number of entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.

Stoichiometry

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

Aqueous Solution

A solution in which water is the solvent.

Buffer Solution

A solution that resists changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base.

Ionization

The process of forming ions from atoms or molecules.