physical science Qt 1

density

the ratio of a materials mass to its volume

convection

the transfer of theral energy when particles of a fluid move form one place to another

uniformitarianism

the principle that geoligic process operiting today also operiting in the past

geosphere

the solid part of earth including the crust and outter mantle

geologists

scientists who study earth and the process that have shaped earth overtime

geology

the study of the origin,history,and structure of earth

silicates

a rock made of compounds of silicon and oxygen generally containg meatles such as allumium, iorn, or calcium

crust

the outer layer of earth

inner core

the inner most geologic layer of earth

outer core

the second inner most layer of the earth

asthenosphere

a layer of softer weaker rock beneth earths lithosphere that flows slowly

lithosphere

a layer of relativly cool ridgid rock that includes the upper most part of the mantle as well as earths crust

measosphere

the lower portion of earths mantle

plate tectonics

the theory that peices on earths lithosphere called plates move about slowly on top of earths asthenosphere

plate boundaries

when earths tectonic plates grind past one another big amounts of ebergy can be realessed into the form of earthquakes

continental drift

the process inn wich continents slowly move across earths surface

sea floor spreading

the process by witch now orcanic crust is created at midocean ridges, as older crust moves away

midocean ridges

a chain of under water moutains

subduction

the process by witch ocianic crust sinks into the mantle

trench

a long deep depression in the ocean florr where old oceanic crust sinks into the mantle

seismic waves

vibrations that carry the energy realeased by an earthquake

p waves

primary waves long tudinal waves caused by earthqakes

s waves

secondary waves trouerse waves caused by earthquakes

fault

a break in earths crust

fold

a bend in layers of rocks

epicenter

the point on earths surface directly above the focous of an earthquake

focus

the location beneath earths surface where an earthquake begins

stress

the forces of deformantion acting on rocks of earths crust

seismographs

a device that can detect and record seismic waves

volcano

a moutain that formes when magma reaches the surface

magma

a mixture of rocks and gasses

lava

Magma that reaches Earth's surface

caldera

huge depression at the top of a volcano created when the central vent and magma chamber collapse after an eruption

Viscosity

the tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing; resistance to flowing

hot spot

a region where a rising column of magma extends from beneath the lithosphere to reach Earth's surface

batholith

the largest type of intrusive igneous rock mass

igneous rock

rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies

intrusive rock

igneous rock that forms as magma cools underground

extrusive rock

Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth's surface

luster

The way a mineral reflects light

fracture

The way a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way

cleavage

the tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces

hardness

A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched

rock

a solid combination of minerals or mineral materials

mineral

a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition

crystal structure

the atoms in a crystal are arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern

clasic rock

sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together under high pressure

chemical rock

sedimentary rocks that form when minerals precipitate out of solution

organic rock

sedimentary rock that formes as aresult of organic process

rock cycle

A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another

divergent boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.

convergent boundaries

Places where tectonic plates are coming together

transform boundary

plates slide past each other

Continental crust vs. oceanic crust

oceanic crust is denser so it will sub-duct under continental crust.

crust

hard rock 1

Lithosphere

second layer of the earth made up of iorn sodium patissium 100 km thick

asthenosphere

third layer of the earth 180 km thick

Mesosphere

4 layer of earth 2500 km thick

core

3480 km thick made of iorn and nickle

Earth's electromagnetic field

protects Earth from sun's radiation.

science

a system of knowledge about the natural world and the methods used to find that knowlge