AP Human Geo Unit 2 (chapters 2 & 3) Vocab + Study Guide

census

A complete enumeration of a population.

overpopulation

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

ecumene

The portion of the earth's surface occupied permanently by human settlement.

arithmetic density

Total number of objects in a particular area.

physiological density

Number of persons per unit of area that is suitable for agriculture.

agricultural density

Number of farmers per unit of farmland.  

doubling time

The number of years needed to double the population.

NIR

% by which population grows in a year.

life expectancy

Measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels. 

CBR

Total number of live births in 1 year for every 1000 people.

CDR

Total number of deaths per 1000 people in 1 year. 

demography

The scientific study of population characteristics. 

TFR

Average number of children a woman will have throughout her child bearing years.

demographic transition

The process where a society's population goes from high CBR and CDR with low NIR to low CBR and CDR to low or negative NIR.

industrial revolution

Countries began entering stage 2 of the demographic transition around 1750 as a result of major improvements in technology. 

medical revolution

Medical technology diffuses from highly developed countries to lesser developed countries.

zero population growth

CBR - CDR, thus resulting in a NIR of 0.  Found in stage 4 of demographic transition.

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

maternal mortality rate

Number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births.

population pyramid

Country’s population displayed by age and gender groups on a bar graph.

dependency ratio

The number of people too young or old to work compared to the number of people of working age.

infant mortality rate

Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared with total live births. Expressed as the number of deaths of infants per 1,000 births.

elderly support ratio

The number of working age people (15-64) divided by the number of persons 65 years and older.

epidemiology

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality. 

epidemiologic transition

Focuses on the distinctive causes of death in each stage of demographic transition.

pandemic

Disease that happens over a wide geographic area and affects many people.

endemic

Disease regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.

agricultural revolution

Burst in population around 8000 BCE when plants and animals were first domesticated, and less need to rely on hunting and gathering.

cohort

Age group categories found on population pyramids.

mobility

Movement from one place to another. 

circulation

Short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis(i.e. your daily routine).

emigration

Migration from a country.

immigration

Migration to a new country.

net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

migration

The process of moving permanently to a new location.

international migration

Permanent move from one country to another.

migration transition

A change in the pattern of migration in a society that is a result of industrialization, population growth, and any other economic or social changes. It is comparable to demographic transition.

voluntary migration

Migration where the migrant has chosen to move, especially for economic improvement.

forced migration

Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors.

internal migration

Permanent move within the same country.

interregional migration

Movement from one region in a country to another.

intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

push factor

Why people leave their present location.

pull factor

Why people move to a new location.

refugee

People who have been forced to migrate from their homes.

internally displaced person

A person who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not immigrated to an international border.

asylum seeker

A person who has migrated to another country in hopes of being recognized as a refugee.

floodplain

The area subject to flooding (that gets flooded) during a given number of years, according to historical trends.

desertification

The rapid depletion of plant life and the loss of topsoil at desert boundaries and in semiarid regions. It is usually caused by a combination of drought and the overuse of grasses and other vegetation by people.

intervening obstacle

Environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.

remittance

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated.

counter-urbanization

More people migrating from urban area to rural area than the other way around.

undocumented immigrant

Persons entering a country without proper documents.

quotas

Maximum limit on the number of people who can immigrate to the U.S. from each country.

brain drain

The large scale emigration of people with specific talents or skills like doctors or engineers.

chain migration

Migration to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality have migrated there.

guest worker

Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Europe or the Middle East.

circular migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.

intervening opportunity

The existence of a closer, less expensive opportunity for a migration destination. Such opportunities lessen the attractiveness of more distant places.

carrying capacity

Largest number of people that the environment of an area can sustainably support.

Population will outgrow the food supply

Thomas Malthus theory

Neo-Malthusian

a concern that overpopulation as well as overconsumption may increase resource depletion and/or environmental degradation will lead to ecological collapse or other hazards

Even as the country has more accessibility to medical technology, it

doesn’t necessarily bring the wealth of a country up to meet it.

A previously developing country has just recently emerged from a localized medical revolution. Knowing this and nothing more, what can you say for certain about the country’s future populations?

Neo-Malthusians still question and criticize his theories to this day

What was NOT true about Thomas Malthus?

Ravenstein Laws of Migration

Most migrants move only a short distance.

Transhumance

seasonal movement of livestock (such as sheep) between mountain and lowland pastures either under the care of herders or in company with the owners

Transmigration

to cause to go from one state of existence or place to another

An sign of a positive RNI (rate of natural increase)

An increase rate of migration

societies in stage 2 of the demographic transition model are often

Agricultural societies with decreasing birth rates

Main reason the catastrophe predicted by Thomas Malthus hasnt occured

invention of agricultural technology to boost value of food production

The subreplacement fertility rate in Western Europe has been largely offset by

Increased Immigration

A high level of mobility for international migration and employment is best explained by which of the following demographic groups?

Unmarried men in their late twenties with no children and a university education

A country develops new technologies for farming, which help stabilize and increase food supply. According to Malthusian theory, which of the following would best explain those results?

The new technologies would reduce positive checks on population.

Bangladesh has seen its total fertility rate drop to 2.1, but its population is projected to be higher in 2050 than it is today. Which of the following explains why Bangladesh will continue to experience positive rates of natural increase?

Bangladesh has seen its total fertility rate drop to 2.1, but its population is pBangladesh’s population will continue to grow as a result of a large youthful population.

S-curve

a curve that depicts growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.

population composition

Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

contraception

methods of preventing conception