Tablets (Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 11th edition)

tablets

solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances with or without diluents

through compression or molding

how are tablets prepared?

compressed tablets

it usually contains a number of suitable pharmaceutical excipients

diluents or fillers

an excipient which adds necessary bulk to a formulation to prepare tablets of the desired size

binders or adhesives

an excipient which promotes adhesion of the particles of the formulation

disintegrants

an excipient which promotes breakup of the tablets after administration to smaller particles for ready drug availability

antiadherents, glidants, and lubricants

an excipient which enhances the flow of the material into the tablet

multiple compressed tablets

a multiple-layer tablet within a tablet

sugarcoated tablets

compressed coated tablets that is coated with a colored or an uncolored sugar layer

film-coated tablets

compressed tablets coated with a thin layer of polymer, capable of forming a skin-like film

gelatin-coated tablets

a capsule-shaped compressed tablet that allows the coated product to be about 1/3 smaller than the capsule filled with an equivalent amount of powder

enteric-coated tablet

it is designed to pass unchanged through the stomach to the intestines and is an example of a delayed-release tablet

buccal and sublingual tablets

a flat, oval tablets intended to be dissolved in the buccal pouch and beneath the tongue. it also enables oral absorption of drugs that are destroyed by the gastric juice

chewable tablets

tablets that have a smooth, rapid disintegration when chewed or dissolved in the mouth

molded tablets

soft and soluble tablets that are prepared through molding and are designed for rapid dissolution

tablet triturates

small, usually cylindrical, molded or compressed that contain small amount of potent drugs

effervescent tablets

it is prepared through compressing granular effervescent salts that release gas when in contact with water

dispensing/ compounding tablets

tablets that contains large amounts of highly potent drug substances and are used to compound prescriptions

immediate-release tablets

designed to disintegrate and release their medication with no special rate-controlling features

rapidly disintegrating or dissolving tablets

tablets that disintegrate within a minute or 10 seconds

vaginal tablets/inserts

uncoated, bullet-shaped, or ovoid tablets inserted into the vagina for local effects

hypodermic tablets

tablets that are originally used by physicians in extemporaneous preparations of parenteral solutions

damp mass

resembles dough and is used to prepare granulation

drug loading

the incorporation of the drug into the dosage form

wet granulation, dry granulation, and direct compression

what are the three basic methods in making compressed tablets?

tablet dedusting

to remove traces of loose powder adhering to tablets following compression

mannitol

a white crystalline hexahydric alcohol, used as the excipient of most chewable tablets and is 70% as sweet as sucrose

lozenges (troches)

a disc-shaped solid dosage forms designed to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth and contains active drugs that are slowly released from the flavored or sweetened base

pellets

a dosage form that are composed of small solid particles at uniform shape called beads

bolus tablets

large, usually elongated tablets intended for the administration to large animals

pills

small, round, solid dosage forms containing a medicinal agent and intended to be administered orally

dissolution

first limiting step for absorption

89%

how much percentage are clear oval softgels easier to swallow?

42%

how much percentage are clear oblong softgels easier to swallow?

23%

how much percentage are gelatin-coated round tablet easier to swallow?

19%

how much percentage are 2-piece hard shell capsule easier to swallow?

18%

how much percentage are opaque-oblong softgels easier to swallow?

8%

how much percentage are oblong-compressed tablets easier to swallow?

7%

how much percentage are round-compressed tablets easier to swallow?

7%

how much percentage are gelatin-coated oblong tablet easier to swallow?

powder

a dosage form composed of a solid mixture of solids reduced to a finely divided state and intended for internal or external use

powder

provides a rapid onset of action because they are readily dispersed, have a large surface area, and usually require only dissolution, not disintegration, before absorption

very coarse (no.8)

all particles pass through a no.8 sieve, and not more than 20% pass through a no.60 sieve

coarse (no.20)

all particles pass through a no.20 sieve, and not more than 40% pass through a no.60 sieve

moderately coarse (no.40)

all particles pass through a no.40 sieve, and not more than 40% pass through a no.80 sieve

fine (no.60)

all particles pass through a no.60 sieve, and not more than 40% pass through a no.100 sieve

very fine (no.80)

all particles pass through a no.80 sieve and there is no limit to greater fineness

sieving

particles are passed by mechanical shaking through a series of sieves

microscopy

sample particles are sized through the use of a calibrated grid background or other measuring device

sedimentation rate

particle size is determined by measuring the terminal settling velocity of particles through a liquid medium in a gravitational or centrifugal environment

light energy diffraction

particle size is determined by the reduction in light reaching the sensor as the particle passes through the sensing zone

laser holography

a pulse laser is fired through an aerosolized particle spray and it’s photographed in 3 dimensions allowing particles to be individually imaged and sized

cascade impaction

driven by the principle that a particle is driven by an air stream will hit a surface in its path

micromeritics

the science of small particles

comminution or trituration

the reduction of particle size of a solid substance to a finer state in a mortar

levigation

commonly used in small-scale preparation of ointments and preparation to reduce the particle size and grittiness of the added powders

mixing

a unit preparation involving the manipulation of a heterogeneous physical system with the goal of making it homogeneous

free-flowing mixtures

a type of mixture that suffers from a serious drawback of segregation of individual components during further processing in dosage form preparation

cohesive mixtures

a type of mixture that is not free flowing and where the individual agglomerates of particles must be repeatedly broken down and allowed to redistribute within the system to ensure a satisfactorily mixed product

ordered mixing

mixing of a fine, micronized form with larger carrier particles

geometric dilution

ensures uniform distribution of the potent drug

segregation

the undesirable separation of the different components of the blend

eutectic powders

a type of powder that may become sticky or pasty or may liquefy when mixed together

hygroscopic powders

a type of powder that will absorb moisture from the air

deliquescent powders

a type of powder that will absorb moisture from the air to the extent that they may partially or wholly liquefy

efflorescent powders

a type of crystalline powder that contains water of hydration or crystallization

topical powder

a type of powder that has a uniformed small-particle size that doesn't irritate the skin when applied

insufflated powders

a type of finely divided powders that are intended to be applied in the body cavity

powder papers

it may be of any size and used to hold the amount of powder required

simple bond paper

a type of paper not used for volatile components or substances affected by moisture

vegetable parchment

a type of paper that is semi-opaque and has limited moisture resistance

glassine

a transparent paper that limited moisture resistance and does not volatilize

waxed paper

a transparent and water-proof paper for volatile substances

glass mortar

a type of mortar that is used in preparing solutions and suspensions

wedgewood

a type of mortar suited for crystalline solids

porcelain

a type of mortar used for soft aggregates or crystals

aerosol powders

a medicated powder administered by inhalation with the aid of dry powder inhalers and delivers micronized particle of medication in metered quantities

bulk powders

a medicated powder prepared in bulk quantities that is limited to non-potent substances

divided powders

a medicated powder that is divided into individual dosing after it has been properly blended and is suitable for potent drugs

Ointments

semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes; may be medicated or nonmedicated

Oleaginous bases

it is also termed as hydrocarbon bases

Oleaginous bases

a base that has an emollient effect, protects against the escape of moisture, and effective as occlusive dressings

Petrolatum

it is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum; also known as yellow petrolatum or petroleum jelly

Petrolatum

it has a yellowish to light amber color and melts at 38 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius

White petrolatum

it is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum that has been wholly or nearly decolorized

Yellow ointment

Yellow wax

purified wax obtained from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera

Hydrophilic petrolatum

have the capacity to absorb up to three times their weight in water and are useful to help incorporate a water-soluble drug

Hydrophilic bases and Lanolin

what are the two examples of absorption bases?

Lanolin, USP

a purified waxlike substance obtained from the wool of sheep that has been decolorized

Water-removable bases

O/W emulsions commonly called creams that can absorb serous discharge

hydrophilic ointment

an example of the water-removable base

water-soluble base

a base that doesn't contain oleaginous components and is referred to as greaseless

Polyethylene Glycol, NF

an example of water-soluble base

Ointments

generally applied to dry, scaly skin

cream

applied to weeping or oozing surfaces

lotion

applied to intertriginous areas or where friction may occur

incorporation and fusion

how are ointments prepared?

cream

semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved in either a W/O emulsion or in another water-washable base

vanishing creams

O/W emulsions containing large percentages of water and stearic acid or other oleaginous components