Science Olympiad 2D Event States Vocab 😈

Imma miss the color of 2nd and 3rd place medals cus we only getting 1st 😈

Accuracy

Degree to which measurement is correct on avg. Smaller systematic error = higher accuracy. Not affected by sample size.

Acute conditions

Severe & sudden in onset.

Adjustment

Differences in populations being compared minimized via math. E.g. age-standardized rates.

Agent

Factor or form of energy whose presence, excessive presence, or relative absence is essential for occurrence of disease/adverse health (see chain of infection).

Infectivity

Ability to cause infection. [infected] / [exposed].

Pathogenicity

Ability to cause disease. [ill] / [infected].

Virulence

Ability to cause severe disease. [severely ill or dead] / [illness].

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Anthroponosis

Disease that is spread from humans to animals.

Antibiotic

Microbial product that kills/inhibits growth of susceptible microorganisms.

Antibody

Proteins in blood produced in response to antigen.

Antigen

Substance (e.g. toxin or surface of microorganism) recognized as foreign that stimulates antibody production.

Antigenic Drift

Small changes in viruses' surface proteins over time. Produces new strains mostly unrecognized by immune system. Previously infected hosts retain some immunity to drifted strain.

Antigenic Shift

Multiple strains of virus combine. New subtype has mixture of surface antigens.

Antitoxin

Antibody to microbial toxin. Binds w/ and neutralizes toxin.

Attribute

Risk factor intrinsic to individual person, plant, etc.

Biological Marker

Traceable substance introduced into organism to examine organ function/health.

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Body Burden

Total amount/concentration of substance in body.

Breakthrough Infection

Case of illness where a vaccinated individual becomes infected by a pathogen.

Broad-Spectrum Drug

Chemotherapeutic agent effective across wide range of pathogens.

Carrier

Harbors infectious agent.

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Case Definition

Set of criteria for determining whether person should be identified as having a particular disease. Specifies clinical criteria (symptoms) and details of person, place, time.

Purpose

Defines cases for equal measurement across regions; unifies treatment for cases; identifies new outbreaks; gives future studies information; increases diagnosis accuracy.

Case (Case Report)

Detailed record of symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up of individual patient. May contain patient demographic. Usually describes unusual/novel occurrence.

Census

Enumeration of population usually w/ details of residence, age, etc.

Chain of Infection

Infectious agent, reservoir/host, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, infects susceptible host.

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Chemotaxis

Move of organisms in response to a nutrient source/chemical gradient.

Chemotherapeutic Agent

Compound used in disease treatment that kills/inhibits growth of microorganisms at concentrations low enough to avoid damage to host.

Clinical Criteria

Medical features (E.g. symptoms, medical examination findings, laboratory results) used in a case definition.

Cohort

Well-defined group with common exposure.

Confidence Interval

Range of values likely to contain true population parameters.

Co-Interventions

Interventions other than treatment under study possibly applied differently for study & control groups.

Comorbidity

Presence of disease in patient other than studied disease.

Complement System

Group of circulating plasma proteins that plays major role in an animal's immune response.

Compliance

Extent to which patients follow medical advice.

Contact Tracing

Finds individuals w/ close contact w/ infected and monitors them for incubation period.

Contamination

Agent within host but has not invaded tissues.

Counterfactual Ideal

Exposed and unexposed cohorts have equal size.

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Determinant

Underlying social, economic, cultural, environmental factors that affect health/disease changes.

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Diagnosis

Determines disease and explains symptoms.

Dichotomous variable

Nominal variable with two mutually exclusive categories.

Disease

Harmful deviation from health.

Dose Commitment

Total dose equivalent that body, organ, or tissue would receive during specified period from radiological treatment.

Dose

Total amount of factor that reaches individual.

Infective Dose

Amount required to cause infection.

Dose-Response Relationship

Amount of exposure has direct relationship w/ severity/likelihood of health outcome. Typically s-shaped curve.

Effects (of Drugs)

Possible effects of _______

Additive: Response to multiple drugs equals sum of independent responses. Antagonistic: Response less than sum of independent responses. Synergistic: Response greater than sum of independent responses.

Effectiveness

Ability to produce results in field.

Efficacy

Ability to produce results under ideal conditions.

Efficiency

Ability to produce results w/ minimal resources.

Elimination

When incidence is zero (within area).

Emergence

Pathogen becomes present in new host species.

Emerging Disease

New in population, rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range, or reappeared.

Environment

Domain where agents exist, survive, or originate or all that which is external to individual human host.

Antecedent

Spectrum of circumstances that set the stage for illness or outbreak.

Audit

Assessment of extent to which an organization observes practices that minimize harm to environment.

Epi-Curve

Histogram showing course of disease or outbreak to identify source of exposure. X-axis-units of time = 1/3-1/4 of incubation time. Y-axis-# of new cases.

Epidemic Investigation

This type of research determines causes & possible control measures for outbreaks of disease.

Epidemic Threshold

Point where disease in question becomes epidemic.

Equipoise

Ethical basis that presumes all treatment or control groups within clinical study are roughly equal or there is no significant prior knowledge that one will provide substantial benefit/harm.

Eradication

Termination of transmission of an agent.

Etiology

Study of cause of disease.

Etiologic Agents

Materials known or expected to contain pathogen.

Exclusion Criteria

Conditions that prevent entrance of candidates into an experiment.

Exposure

Contact or characteristic that puts at risk.

Acute: Up to fourteen days.

Intermediate: Over fourteen days and less than one year.

Chronic: Over a year.

Exposure Assessment

Estimates or measures magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure to agent.

Extinction

Agent no longer exists in nature or lab.

FAT TOM

Food, acidity (Ph 4.6-7.5, thrive in 6.6-7.5), time (2-4 hrs), temp (41-135, thrive in 70-104 F), oxygen, moisture (activity .95-1). Conditions required for growth of foodborne pathogens.

Fomite

Inanimate object that transmits pathogen. Excludes: food, air, liquids.

Frequency Polygon

Graph of frequency distribution with values of variable on x-axis and number of observations on y-axis. Middle of top of bars are connected with a straight line.

Gold Standard

Procedure or measurement widely accepted as best available; ideally perfect sensitivity and specificity.

Gram Staining

Positive: Purple. Stain interacts w/ peptidoglycan layer (lacks outer membrane). Negative: Pink. Outer endotoxin membrane layer over peptidoglycan layer. Smoothness increases virulence and helps resist antibiotics.

HDI

Human development index. Ranks countries by combo of economic development, literacy, education, life expectancy, etc.

Healthcare Approaches

Clinical: Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of illness in individuals. E.g. prescribing drugs. Public Health: Control and prevention of disease in populations or groups of individuals. E.g. handwashing awareness campaign.

Health Disparity

Preventable differences in disease burden due to low socioeconomic status.

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Health Planning Cycle

Assessing burden, identifying causes, measuring effectiveness of existing interventions, determining efficiency, implementing interventions, monitoring activities, and measuring progress.

Homeopathy

System of alternative medicine. Developed 1776 by Samuel Hahnemann. States that cause symptoms in healthy people will cure similar symptoms in sick people.

Host

Person/organism that can be infected by agent.

Compromised

If you have lowered resistance to infection, your immune system is __________

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Intermediate/Secondary

Hosts immature or nonreproductive forms.

Paratenic

Intermediate host required for parasite's life cycle but agent doesn't grow there.

Reservoir

Primary host that shows no symptoms. Agent grows there. Source of infection.

Susceptible

Can't effectively resist invasion. Incl. children under five, the elderly, immunocompromised.

Host Factor

Traits of individual that affect susceptibility. E.g. age, religion, marital status, nutrition, previous exposure, race, substance abuse history.

Hypothesis

Testable statement of relationship (between exposure and disease). Should be clear, testable/resolvable, state relationship, specific, consistent with known facts, supported by research or theory.

Alternative

H1: Association (between exposure and disease).

Null

H0: No association (between exposure and disease).

ID50

Median infective dose; infects 50% of experimental group. Measures pathogenicity.

Immunoassay

Measures presence/concentration of macromolecule in solution through antibody or immunoglobulin.

Impairment

Any loss/abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure/function.

Immunity

State of protection against infectious disease. Conferred either through _______ response generated by _______ization, previous infection, or other non-________ological factors.

Acquired Immunity

Type of Immunity develops after exposure to antigen or antibodies transfer from one to another.